Table 3.

Summary of findings (nutrients)

Exposure	Outcome
	Patients with AS vs. controls			Dietary consumption and severity of AS
Nutrient	Participants (studies)	Result	Quality of evidence (GRADE)	Participants (studies)	Result	Quality of evidence (GRADE)
Energy	77 AS/307 controls (1)	Sign. higher in cases	Low	111 (1)	BASDAI: No association (no data)	Very low
Protein	77 AS/307 controls (1)	No sign. difference	Low	177 (2)	BASDAI, ESR, CRP: No association	Very low
Carbohydrate	77 AS/307 controls (1)	No sign. difference	Low	177 (2)	BASDAI, ESR, CRP: No association	Very low
Fat	77 AS/307 controls (1)	No sign. difference	Low	111 (1)	BASDAI: Sign association in females only	Very low
				66 (1)	BASDAI, ESR, CRP: No association
Fiber	77 AS/307 controls (1)	No sign. difference	Low	111 (1)	BASDAI: No association (no data)	Very low
Saturated	77 AS/307 controls (1)	No sign. difference	Low	177 (2)	BASDAI, ESR, CRP: No association	Very low fatty acids
Mono-unsaturated fatty acids	77 AS/307 controls (1)	No sign. difference	Low	-	-	-
Poly-unsaturated fatty acids	77 AS/307 controls (1)	No sign. difference	Low	177 (2)	BASDAI, CRP: No association	Very low
				66 (1)	ESR: Sign. association
Linoleic acid	77 AS/307 controls (1)	No sign. difference	Low	66 (1)	BASDAI, ESR, CRP: No association	Very low
Alpha-linoleic acid	77 AS/307 controls (1)	No sign. difference	Low	66 (1)	BASDAI, ESR, CRP: No association	Very low
Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids	77 AS/307 Controls (1)	No sign. difference	Low	177 (2)	BASDAI, CRP: No association	Very low
				66 (1)	ESR: Sign. association

AS: ankylosing spondylitis; BASDAI: Bath Ankylosing Disease Activity Index; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP: C-reactive protein; GRADE: Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system