Exhibit 3.
Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between BMI and relative geographic accessibility of supermarkets to fast
| Men | Women | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Cross- sectional |
Longitudinal | Cross- sectional |
Longitudinal | |||
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| Total sample | Total sample |
Non- migrant sample |
Total sample | Total sample |
Non- migrant sample |
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| Persons | n=1,522,803 | n=1,522,803 | n=1,034,375 | n=183,618 | n=183,618 | n=112,670 |
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| Person-year observations | n=6,668,033 | n=6,668,033 | n=4,229,727 | n=773,511 | n=773,511 | n=424,329 |
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| Coefficient | Coefficient | Coefficient | Coefficient | Coefficient | Coefficient | |
| 1 mile | ||||||
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| Low relative accessibility (0) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| Low-mid relative accessibility (0.4–9.1%) | −0.037* | 0.009 | 0.008 | −0.094 | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Mid-high relative accessibility (9.1–16.7%) | −0.000 | 0.008* | 0.004 | 0.045 | 0.013 | 0.011 |
| High relative accessibility (16.8–100%) | 0.004 | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.062 | 0.012 | 0.007 |
| No supermarkets or fast food restaurants | −0.045** | −0.018*** | −0.015* | −0.058 | 0.015 | 0.035 |
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| 3 miles | ||||||
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| Low relative accessibility (0–7.4%) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| Low-mid relative accessibility (7.4–10.5%) | −0.017 | −0.002 | −0.005 | 0.043 | −0.003 | −0.005 |
| Mid-high relative accessibility (10.5–14.3%) | −0.007 | −0.002 | −0.010 | 0.100* | −0.005 | −0.007 |
| High relative accessibility (14.3–100%) | 0.021 | −0.001 | −0.005 | 0.140** | 0.025 | −0.003 |
| No supermarkets or fast food restaurants | −0.071** | −0.021** | −0.004 | −0.063 | 0.021 | 0.059 |
Authors’ analysis of participant BMI from the VA Corporate Data Warehouse (2009–2014); Urbanicity data from National Center for Health Statistics (2006, 2013); Census tract demographic data from US Census Bureau (2005–2009, 2006–2010, 2007–2011, 2008–2012, 2009–2013, 2010–2014); Food store data from InfoUSA (2008–2013); Fast food restaurant data from Dun & Bradstreet (2008–2013); Park data from TeleAtlas and NAVTEQ (2010, 2014); and Fitness facility data from InfoUSA (2008–2013).
Note: Covariates for cross-sectional and longitudinal models included year, marital status, multiple health conditions, region, population density, median household income, poverty, and accessibility of grocery stores, convenience stores, mass merchandisers, parks, and fitness facilities. Cross-sectional models also controlled for baseline age and race/ethnicity.
p ≤ 0.05
p ≤ 0.01
p ≤ 0.001