TABLE I.
ADV thresholds of PFP droplets reported in the literature using acoustical and optical means.
| Reference | Technique | Excitation frequency (MHz) | Threshold (MPa) | Tube/medium inside the tube/outside the tube | Detection mode/transducer/scanner frequency | Diameter of droplets (μm)/coating |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kripfgans et al., 2000b | Acoustic/ADV | 1.5 | 4.78 | Dialysis tubing /saline solution/water at 37 °C | Active scanner 10 MHz | 90% < 6/albumin |
| 3 | 1.5 | |||||
| 4 | 1 | |||||
| 5.5 | 0.8 | |||||
| 6 | 0.7 | |||||
| 7.6 | 0.7 | |||||
| 1.5 | 5.49 | Zerdine tissue coating on tube at 37 °C | ||||
| 1.5 | 5.42 | Inside tube- blood solution at 37 °C | ||||
| 1.5 | 6.21 | Blood solution inside the tube/zerdine tissue coating on tube at 37 °C | ||||
| Kripfgans et al., 2002b | Acoustic/ADV | 2 | 3 | Dialysis tubing /saline solution/water at 37 °C | Active scanner 10 MHz | 90% < 6/albumin |
| 5 | 1.5 | |||||
| 7.5 | 1.5 | |||||
| 10 | 1 | |||||
| Kripfgans et al., 2004 | Optical/ ADV | 3 | 3.9–2.2 | Polyethylene tube/saline sol/water at 37 °C | 5-27 /albumin | |
| 4 | 6.2–3.8 | |||||
| Lo et al., 2007 | Acoustic/ADV | 1.44 | 5.5 | Dialysis tube/saline sol/water at 37 °C | Active scanner 10 MHz | < 6/albumin |
| Fabiilli et al., 2009 | Acoustic/ADV | 3.5 | 4.2–2.4 | Dialysis tube/DI water/water at 37 °C | Active scanner 10 MHz | 1–5/albumin |
| Acoustic/IC | 5.9–5.2 | Hydrophone | ||||
| Li et al., 2014a | Optical | 7.5 | 3.6 | Dialysis tube/ DI water/water at 37 °C | 18/albumin | |
| Giesecke and Hynynen, 2003 | Acoustic/IC | 0.74 | 0.7 | Angioplasty balloon/polyethylene PBS sol/water at 37 °C | Passive 0.74 MHz | 1.4–2/albumin |
| 1.1 | 1 | |||||
| 2.18 | 1.25 | |||||
| 3.3 | 1.75 | |||||
| Schad and Hynynen, 2010 | Acoustic/ADV | 1.736 | 3.8–0.5 | Angioplasty balloon/polyethylene PBS sol/water at 37 °C | Active 5 MHz | 2–8.5/lipid |
| 2.855 | 3.9–1 | |||||
| Acoustic/IC | 1.736 | 4.2–3.6 | Passive 1.1 MHz | |||
| 2.855 | 5.2–4.8 | |||||
| Porter and Zhang, 2008 | Acoustic/ADV | 2 | 4 | Dialysis tube/ PBS sol/water at 37 °C | Active 7.5 MHz | 0.193/albumin |
| Zhang and Porter, 2009 | Acoustic/ADV | 2 | 8.5 | Acrylic frame/albumin-acrylamide gel/water at 37 °C | Passive/Broadband transducer, 5 MHz high-pass filter | 0.193/albumin |
| Sheeran et al., 2011b | Optical | 5 | 3.91 | Cellulose tube/DI water 37 °C | 1–13/lipid | |
| Reznik et al., 2011 | Acoustic/ADV | 7.5 | 1.5–2.2 | Polyethylene tube/DI water/DI water at 28–42 °C | Active1.75 MHz | 0.4/fluorinated surfactant |
| Williams et al., 2013 | Acoustic/ADV | 5 | 10 | Polyacrylamide (PA) gel/water at 21 °C | Scanner 40 MHz | 0.22/fluorinated surfactant |
| 10 | 8 | |||||
| 15 | 6 | |||||
| Reznik et al., 2014 | Optical | 5 | 3.5 | Opticell/water/water at 37 °C | 1–10/fluorinated surfactant | |
| Kawabata et al., 2005 | Acoustic/ADV | 3.4 | 10 W/cm2 (pressure value not provided) | Tygon tube/ water/water at 30 °C | model EUP-L53S diagnostic probe | 0.17/lipid |
| Mercado et al., 2016 | Acoustic | 2 | 3.7,3.3,3 | Polyvinyl chloride tubing/PBS at 37 °C | Scanner (5 MHz) | 2,3.5,9.75/albumin |
| Li et al., 2014b | Optical/ ADV | 7.5 | 3.6 | Degassed DI water/37 °C | 18/albumin | |
| Vlaisavljevich et al., 2015 | Acoustic/optical/IC | 0.345 | 10.8 | Agarose tissue phantoms/DI water at 37 °C | Custom-built histrotripsy transducer | 177.9/polymer |
| 0.5 | 10.3 | |||||
| 1.5 | 12.9 | |||||
| 3 | 14.7 |