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. 2018 Apr 11;8:5808. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-24194-5

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Macrophage co-culture with PDAC in vivo increases tumorigenesis and metastases while IL23 and TGF-ß abrogate these phenomena. Panc-1 cells co-cultured with macrophages alone or in combination with IL23 or TGF-ß had primary tumors that were significantly larger by weight and diameter (A,B, P < 0.001) when Panc-1 cells were exposed to macrophages but this was diminished when pre-treatment included IL23 or TGF-ß. Metastatic PDAC tumors to the liver after orthotopic implantation were larger when co-cultured with macrophages compared to controls (C, P = 0.02). Tumor burden after 4 weeks was significantly less when Panc-1 cells co-cultured with macrophages were pre-treated with IL23 and TGF-ß compared to macrophage co-culture alone (D). Macrophage co-culture with Panc-1 cells increases tumorigenesis and metastases formation (outlined in red) while combined IL23 and TGF-ß treatment diminishes these phenomena.