Figure 3.

Pharmacological and immunotherapeutic combination targeting the tumor microenvironment (TME). Immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) can be employed in diverse pharmacological combinations resulting in clinical benefit for patients. ICBs + antiangiogenic agents result both in inhibition of aberrant angiogenesis and vascular normalization with subsequent efficient T cell infiltration. CCL2 inhibitors combined with chemotherapy dampen induction of M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the TME and T regulatory (Treg) proliferation. Bisphosphonates + chemotherapy target M2-like TAMs. Anti-Angio, VEGF inhibition and eventually angiopoietin-2 blockade; Asp, aspirin; AT, atenolol; Metf, metformin; Chemo, standard chemotherapeutic drugs.