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. 2018 Apr 5;9:527. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00527

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Copyright © 2018 Albini, Bruno, Noonan and Mortara.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibition combined with immunotherapy in the tumor microenvironment. Immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) combined with antiangiogenic drugs act synergistically on different cell of innate immunity by (i) reducing VEGF in the tumors that supports angiogenesis; (ii) supporting vascular normalization to stabilize blood vessels and enhance therapeutic agent delivery, T cell infiltration, and activation; (iii) blocking dendritic cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, T regulatory (Treg)-mediated immunosuppression.