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. 2018 Apr 5;9:527. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00527

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Copyright © 2018 Albini, Bruno, Noonan and Mortara.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Examples of effects of repurposed drugs and phytochemicals on natural killer (NK) cell repolarization. The biguanide metformin (Metf), the synthetic triterpenoid 1[2-Cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oyl]imidazole (CDDO-Im) and the hop flavonoid xanthohumol (XN) can decrease vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production in non-small cell lung cancer associated NK cells and at the same time can upregulate perforin production. Graphs show data obtained from multicolor flow cytometry analysis of total NK cells (CD45⁺CD14⁻CD3⁻CD56⁺ cells) from peripheral blood samples of patients with non-small cell lung carcinomas (as in 204, protocol number 0024138/2013), exposed for 24 h to the compounds at indicated concentrations. These examples sustain the action of anti-inflammatory chemopreventive drugs in innate immune cells repolarization supporting the rationale for future combinations with immunotherapy.