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ΔE per formamide with kaolinite interlayer surfaces as a function of simulation time. The inset is the decomposition of ΔE to the van der Waals interaction energy (EvdW) and electrostatic interaction energy (Eelec) averaged over the production runs, where O and T represent the interactions of formamide with the interlayer octahedral surface and tetrahedral surface, respectively.
