Atom distribution map of head group and alkyl chain segments of (a) dodecylamine, (b) CTAC, and (c) stearate on the kaolinite interlayer surfaces. For (a) dodecylamine and (b) CTAC, the substrate is the siloxane surface where the orange and red hollow circles refer to Si and O on the siloxane surface, the blue cross represents N in the head group NH2 in dodecylamine and N(CH3)3+ in CTAC, and the gray cross represents C in the alkyl chain backbone. For (c) stearate, the substrate is the alumina surface where the purple hollow triangle and red hollow circle represent Al and O on the alumina surface, respectively; the magenta and gray crosses represent O in the head group COO− of stearate and C in the alkyl chain backbone, respectively.