Table 2.

Information summary of selected literature research for gallnuts.

Gallnuts	Active ingredients	Action related to anticancer	References
Galla Turcica	Purpurogallin	Inhibit the tyrosine-specific protein kinase of the human oncogene product epidermal growth factor receptor	[22]
Galla Turcica	50% ethanol extract	Protect against oxidative stress-induced liver injury	[23]
Galla Chinensis	Gallic acid	Increase the activities of phase II xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme and decrease the activities of phase I xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme, and thus decrease tumor incidence	[24]
Galla Chinensis	Gallic acid	Increase p53 and NF-κB, decrease I-κB protein, and thus induce apoptosis and inhibit cell viability in U937 cells	[25]
Galla Chinensis	Gallic acid	Upregulate p27(Kip1) level via disruption of p27(Kip1)/skp2 complex and the consequent degradation of p27(Kip1) and lead to G2/M phase arrest of MCF-7 cells	[26]
Galla Chinensis	1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose	Regulate the expression of genes involved in cancer pyruvate metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and tyrosine metabolism	[27]
Galla Chinensis	Gallic acid	Downregulate expression of COX-2 and stathmin and inhibit the proliferation of 5-8F cells	[28]
Galla Chinensis	1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose	Enhance cytotoxicity and PARP cleavage in cisplatin-treated Caki-2 cells	[29]
Galla Chinensis	Gallic acid	Suppress the matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9, protein kinase B and C signaling, and thus inhibit migration and invasion of U-2 OS cells	[30]
Galla Chinensis	Ether fraction	Inhibit the proliferation of U251	[31]
Galla Turcica	Aqueous extract	Show similar acute, chronic toxicity, and mortality to that of control	[32]
Galla Chinensis	Ethyl acetate extract	Inhibit the activities of epidermal growth factor receptor	[33]
Galla Chinensis	1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose	Inhibit human lactic acid dehydrogenase-A and attenuate proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells	[34]
Galla Chinensis	Water extract	Do not produce significant acute and chronic toxicity until overdose (3 times higher than that of the recommended dose), no side effects to rats in central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and respiratory system	[35]