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Kinetics of buildup and decay of DMPO-H adduct as a function of the irradiation time in the presence of indole and Na+, K+, or Cs+-montmorillonite. Experimental conditions: the initial concentrations of DMPO, indole, and clay mineral were 10 mM, 0.5 mM, and 1 g L−1, respectively. Error bars are the standard deviations of triplicate analyses. Linear kinetic plot of the spectral intensities of the DMPO-H illustrated the rapid production of hydrated electrons during light irradiation.
