Table 2.
Creatinine-Corrected Urinary Levels of 3-HPMAa in Adults Pre and Post an Indoor Hookah-Only Social Event, by Smoking Status (N = 181/208)b
| Hookah-only Social Event 3-HPMA pmol/mg creatinine c | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre Event | Post Event | Post-to-Pre Ratiod (95% CI) | p e | |
| Hookah Smokers (n = 90/105) | ||||
| GM (95% CI)f | 1796 (1509, 2139) | 2514 (2120, 2982) | 1.41 (1.15, 1.74) | 0.001 |
| Median (25th–75th percentile) | 1660 (940–3119) | 2392 (1303–4606) | ||
| (Minimum–Maximum) | (213–16016) | (374–16731) | ||
| Daily Smokers (n = 17/20) | ||||
| GM (95% CI) | 1991 (1331, 2980) | 3348 (2723, 4116) | 1.68 (1.15, 2.45) | 0.007 |
| Median (25th–75th percentile) | 1443 (1131–3639) | 3686 (2502–4046) | ||
| (Minimum–Maximum) | (678–7175) | (1895–7894) | ||
| Non-daily Hookah Smokersg (n = 73/85) | ||||
| GM (95% CI) | 1754 (1439, 2137) | 2352 (1919, 2882) | 1.36 (1.07, 1.72) | 0.011 |
| Median (25th–75th percentile) | 1660 (940–2890) | 2039 (1203–4898) | ||
| (Minimum–Maximum) | (213–16016) | (374–16731) | ||
| Non-Smokers (n = 91/103) | ||||
| GM (95% CI) | 1791 (1519, 2112) | 2497 (2138, 2915) | 1.39 (1.16, 1.67) | <0.001 |
| Median (25th–75th percentile) | 1770 (1001–2787) | 2498 (1580–3964) | ||
| (Minimum–Maximum) | (292–10785) | (408–16479) | ||
a3-HPMA = 3-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid, a metabolite of Acrolein.
bParticipants who had both pre event and post event valid 3-HPMA assay values were included; missing values: interference (n = 26) and missing samples (n = 1).
c3-HPMA values corrected with creatinine (pmol/mg). All 3-HPMA values and percentages are rounded up.
dPost-to-pre ratio of geometric mean 3HPMA values derived from a log-linear regression model adjusted for age, gender, Middle Eastern vs. other racial/ethnic status, and BMI.
e P values derived from regression model.
fGM (95% CI) = Geometric Mean and 95% Confidence Interval.
gWeekly, monthly, and occasional hookah smokers were combined and renamed non-daily hookah smokers.
All statistical tests were two-tailed; statistical significance was set to α ≤ 0.05 (bolded).
All urine samples had 3-HPMA values above the Limit of Detection (LOD); 3-HPMA LOD = 2 pmol/mL.