Figure 1.

Demonstrates images representative of themes. (A) Individual Waterpipe Use: one person using a waterpipe and/or blowing smoke; (B) Social Gathering: two or more persons socializing together and/or using a waterpipe; (C) Waterpipe and Components: photo of waterpipe, coals, or flavored tobacco without people; (D) Promotional Material: flyer for a lounge/bar/nightclub referencing hookah in the text or depicting a waterpipe. Note for ethical and copyright reasons the exact posts from Instagram were not used. While these four images accurately represent their respective themes, (D) Promotional Material often depicted images of hookahs and alcohol (eg, bottle of vodka) or price promotions (happy hour drink specials) that are not depicted in the figure.