Table 3.

Recommendations for Cigarette Pack Warning Constructs and Measures

Activity	Recommendations
Development and selection of measures	Use theories and conceptual models to guide choice of outcomes and measures
	Choose outcomes that are proximal and distal to warning exposure, as appropriate
	Use multi-item scales whenever possible
	Where needed, develop and validate new measures
Reporting of measures	Clearly define constructs and report exact wording of items and response scales
	Clearly distinguish perceived effectiveness from actual effectiveness constructs and measures
	Report reliability and validity information; collect new data where it does not yet exist
	Report sources of previously developed measures