Fig. 1.

Effect of Aβ on CypD-involved mPTP formation. Aβ-cyclophilin D interaction mediates impairments in axonal mitochondrial transport due to an increase in the opening of CypD-mediated mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). This leads to the disruption of Ca²⁺ balance and increases the production/accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Elevation of Ca²⁺ and oxidative stress activates the downstream p38 MAP kinase signaling pathway, thus contributing to mitochondrial dysfunction.