Table II.
Ethnic Group Differences in Children With and without Asthma
| Characteristics of sample | Black | Latino | Non–Latino White | Group differences | Effect sizes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Children with asthma | |||||
| N | 83 | 127 | 39 | ||
| Urban contextual stressors | |||||
| Income to needs ratio | 0.93 | 0.67 | 1.60 | F (2,235) = 17.54** | ωp2 = .13 |
| Neighborhood risk index**, M (95%) | 5.23 (4.77–5.69)a | 5.58 (5.29–5.87)a | 3.05 (2.28–3.83)b | F (2,244) = 25.90** | ωp2 = .18 |
| Total number of people in household | 4.53 (4.08–4.98) | 4.69 (4.41–4.96) | 4.41 (3.96–4.86) | F (2,246) = .45 | ωp2 < .00 |
| Sleep hygiene, M (95% CI) | 4.47 (4.34–4.60)a,b | 4.45 (4.34–4.55)a | 4.72 (4.52–4.91)b | F (2,217) = 3.15* | ωp2 = .03 |
| Sleep outcomes | |||||
| Sleep duration**, M (95% CI) | 9.27 (9.13–9.40)a | 9.14 (9.04–9.24)a | 9.64 (9.18–9.34)b | F (2,209) = 9.64** | ωp2 = .08 |
| Sleep efficiency, M (95% CI) | 85.79 (84.93–86.64) | 86.92 (86.24–87.60) | 87.13 (85.87–88.38) | F (2,209) = 2.61 | ωp2 = .02 |
| Daytime sleepiness, M (95% CI) | 14.53 (13.77–15.24) | 14.18 (13.38–14.78) | 12.85 (11.70–13.68) | F (2,216) = 3.00 | ωp2 = .03 |
| Children without asthma | |||||
| N | 46 | 44 | 40 | ||
| Urban contextual stressors | |||||
| Income to needs ratio | 0.92a | 0.77b | 2.0c | F (2,112) =18.18** | ωp2 = .25 |
| Neighborhood risk index**, M (95%) | 5.39 (4.77–5.60)a | 5.33 (4.65–6.00)a | 3.23 (2.41–4.05)b | F (2,123) =12.02** | ωp2 = .16 |
| Total number of people in household | 4.65 (4.21–5.10) | 4.64 (4.21–5.06) | 4.53 (4.13–4.92) | F (2,127) = .10 | ωp2 < .00 |
| Sleep hygiene, M (95% CI) | 4.61 (4.44–4.79) | 4.59 (4.41–4.78) | 4.70 (4.50–4.90) | F (2,118) <1.0 | ωp2 = .01 |
| Sleep outcomes | |||||
| Sleep duration, M (95% CI) | 9.16 (8.95–9.37) | 9.26 (9.05–9.47) | 9.45 (9.30–9.60) | F (2,110) = 2.48 | ωp2 = .04 |
| Sleep efficiency, M (95% CI) | 87.79 (86.84–88.74) | 88.41 (87.59–89.24) | 87.23 (86.27–88.19) | F (2,110) = 1.69 | ωp2 = .03 |
| Daytime sleepiness**, M (95% CI) | 13.14a (12.42–14.20) | 12.80a (12.02–13.98) | 11.30b (10.35–12.09) | F (2,100) = 4.84** | ωp2 = .09 |
*
p ≤ .05; ** p ≤ .01.
a,b,c
Means that have no superscript in common are significantly different from each other.