Table I.

Behavioral Coding Definitions for Positive Facial Affect and Child Engagement

Behavior	Definition
Positive facial affect	“Positive” was coded when child smiled or laughed during the time interval.
	“Negative” was coded when child cried, whined, or raised voice during the time interval. Also coded if child verbalized fear, unhappiness, or pain.
	“Neutral” was coded when child exhibited no overt behavioral response indicative of an affect state (e.g., flat affect) during the time interval.
Active engagement
Physical activity	“Active” responses were defined as the child engaging in a play activity during the coding interval (e.g., playing an instrument, turning pages of a book). The child’s engagement in an activity had to involve active manipulation of materials or active use of self (e.g., moving body to music) to be considered an active response.
2. Focus of attention	“Focused” responses were defined as the child’s eyes (attention) being fixated on the central activity that he/she was engaged in or that was being presented by another adult.
3. Choice making	“Yes” for choice making was coded when the child either physically (i.e., pointing or reaching) or verbally indicated a choice.
4. Follows directions	“Yes” for follows directions was coded when the child verbally or physically responded to a verbal direction.