Table I.
Demographics and Baseline Clinical Characteristics (n = 120)
| Adolescent baseline variables | Range | Mean (SD) | N (%) elevateda |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 13–17 | 14.83 (1.44) | – |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 1–16 | 5.84 (3.64) | – |
| A1c (%) | 8–11.5 | 9.16 (0.90) | – |
| Daily BGM | 0.21–9.30 | 3.29 (1.75) | – |
| PHQ-9 | 0–24 | 4.14 (4.02) | 7 (5.8) |
| SCI—overall | |||
| Parent report | 1.29–5.0 | 3.53 (0.73) | – |
| Child report | 1.71–4.86 | 3.50 (0.74) | – |
| BRIEF T scores | |||
| GEC | 35–78 | 51.30 (10.76) | 16 (13.6) |
| Initiate | 36–80 | 52.35 (11.25) | 22 (18.6) |
| Inhibit | 40–84 | 48.86 (10.42) | 13 (11.0) |
| Shift | 38–91 | 50.94 (11.67) | 19 (16.1) |
| Working Memory | 38–85 | 53.51 (11.68) | 21 (17.8) |
| PedsQL diabetes | 26.85–97.22 | 70.87 (12.05) | – |
| Adolescent demographic variables | |||
| N (%) | |||
| Gender | |||
| Male | – | – | 57 (47.5) |
| Female | – | – | 63 (52.5) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White, Non-Hispanic | – | – | 105 (87.5) |
| Other | – | – | 14 (11.7) |
| Unknown | – | – | 1 (0.8) |
| Annual family income (USD) | |||
| <39,000 | – | – | 32 (26.7) |
| 40,000–79,000 | – | – | 45 (37.5) |
| >80,000 | – | – | 43 (35.8) |
| Treatment type | |||
| Insulin pump | – | – | 61 (50.8) |
| Injection | – | – | 59 (49.2) |
| ADHD diagnosis | |||
| Yes | – | – | 9 (7.5) |
| No | – | – | 111 (92.5) |
Note. Daily BGM = average daily blood glucose checks from meter download, blood glucose monitoring; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire (adolescent report); SCI = Self-Care Inventory; BRIEF = Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (parent report); GEC = Global Executive Composite; PedsQL Diabetes = Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 3.0 Diabetes Module (adolescent report); ADHD = attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; USD = U.S. Dollar.
a
Executive function = BRIEF T score ≥65; Clinically significant depressive symptoms = PHQ-9 ≥ 11.