Table 1.
Pharmacokinetic parameters after intraoral and intrathecal injections of BVC or BVCALG in rabbits
| Pharmacokinetic parameters (mean ± SD) | Intraoral
|
Intrathecal
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BVC | BVCALG | BVC | BVCALG | |
| Cmax (ng· mL–1) | 244.95±60.22 | 263.47±86.28 | 88.91±70.05 | 23.41±8.32 |
| Tmax (min) | 17.50±6.12 | 15.00±0.00 | 0.58±0.70 | 0.25±0.00 |
| AUC0–t (ng-h·mL–1) | 1100.72±172.27 | 1172.99±340.14 | 152.17±100.46* | 43.79±22.67 |
| AUC0–∞ (ng-h·mL–1) | 1610.83±402.47 | 1491.41±478.95 | 217.70±126.65 | 88.86±62.48 |
| t½ beta (h) | 6.19±1.52 | 4.74±2.08 | 5.45±2.53 | 7.29±2.82 |
| Vd (L) | 28.43±7.68 | 24.45±10.66 | 54.02±48.04* | 141.47±43.98 |
| Cl (L·h–1) | 3.24±0.69 | 3.86±1.98 | 6.31±3.87 | 17.74±14.86 |
| MRT (h) | 4.55±0.39 | 4.48±0.57 | 2.40±0.31 | 2.46±0.37 |
Notes: Data are expressed as mean (± SD) (n=6/group). Statistical analysis: ANOVA/Kruskal–Wallis;
*
BVC × BVCALG; p<0.05.
Abbreviations: BVC, bupivacaine; BVCALG, 0.5% bupivacaine-loaded alginate–chitosan nanoparticles; MRT, mean residence time; Cl, clearance; Vd, volume of distribution; t½, half-life time; AUC, area under the curve; Tmax, time to reach maximum concentration; Cmax, maximum plasma concentration; ANOVA, analysis of variance.