Table 2.
Non-abstinent | Abstinent | Abstinence-induced change score | Abstinence effect | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M (SD) | Α | M (SD) | Α | M (SD) | t | d | |
CO (ppm)a | 22.68 (12.09) | — | 5.55 (2.16) | — | −16.98 (11.80) | 23.59 | −1.44*** |
Measures | |||||||
QSU | 1.01 (1.13) | 0.95 | 3.33 (1.07) | 0.91 | 2.32 (1.23) | −30.68 | 1.89*** |
MNWS | 1.07 (0.94) | 0.89 | 1.84 (1.11) | 0.90 | 0.77 (1.05) | −11.89 | 0.73*** |
POMS | |||||||
Anger | 0.38 (0.61) | 0.93 | 0.63 (0.79) | 0.92 | 0.25 (0.70) | −5.78 | 0.36*** |
Anxiety | 0.72 (0.71) | 0.88 | 1.15 (0.93) | 0.90 | 0.42 (0.84) | −8.06 | 0.50*** |
Confusion | 0.78 (0.63) | 0.76 | 0.94 (0.77) | 0.80 | 0.14 (0.71) | −2.93 | 0.20** |
Depression | 0.40 (0.61) | 0.93 | 0.52 (0.71) | 0.93 | 0.10 (0.64) | −2.54 | 0.16* |
Fatigue | 0.86 (0.90) | 0.90 | 0.85 (0.89) | 0.90 | −0.03 (0.88) | 0.73 | −0.03 |
Elation | 2.01 (0.94) | 0.88 | 1.56 (0.92) | 0.87 | −0.46 (0.87) | 8.49 | −0.53*** |
Friendliness | 2.71 (0.90) | 0.92 | 2.22 (0.97) | 0.91 | −0.50 (0.81) | 9.81 | −0.62*** |
Vigor | 2.20 (0.97) | 0.92 | 1.84 (0.98) | 0.91 | −0.36 (0.84) | 6.77 | −0.43*** |
NA composite | 0.63 (0.61) | 0.98 | 0.82 (0.73) | 0.98 | 0.18 (0.63) | −4.39 | 0.29*** |
PA composite | 2.31 (0.88) | 0.96 | 1.87 (0.90) | 0.96 | −0.44 (0.75) | 9.28 | −0.59*** |
Behavioral smoking task | |||||||
Time delay (min) | 39.87 (17.3) | — | 23.56 (23.0) | — | −16.58 (22.7) | 11.52 | −0.73*** |
Cigarettes smoked | 1.22 (0.95) | — | 1.53 (0.94) | — | 0.32 (0.93) | −5.45 | 0.34*** |
CO = carbon monoxide levels (parts per million); QSU = Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (range 0–5); MNWS = Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (range 0–5); NA = negative affect; PA = positive affect; POMS = Profile of Mood States (range 0–5); Time Delay (range 0–50 minutes); Cigarettes smoked (range 0–8). Abstinence-Induced Change Score = score in abstinent condition—score in non-abstinent condition.
aNo significant interaction effects were found for CO levels during abstinent sessions and withdrawal outcomes.
*P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .0001.