Table 2.

Effects of Abstinence on Withdrawal Outcomes in Overall Sample

	Non-abstinent		Abstinent		Abstinence-induced change score	Abstinence effect
	M (SD)	Α	M (SD)	Α	M (SD)	t	d
CO (ppm)a	22.68 (12.09)	—	5.55 (2.16)	—	−16.98 (11.80)	23.59	−1.44***
Measures
QSU	1.01 (1.13)	0.95	3.33 (1.07)	0.91	2.32 (1.23)	−30.68	1.89***
MNWS	1.07 (0.94)	0.89	1.84 (1.11)	0.90	0.77 (1.05)	−11.89	0.73***
POMS
Anger	0.38 (0.61)	0.93	0.63 (0.79)	0.92	0.25 (0.70)	−5.78	0.36***
Anxiety	0.72 (0.71)	0.88	1.15 (0.93)	0.90	0.42 (0.84)	−8.06	0.50***
Confusion	0.78 (0.63)	0.76	0.94 (0.77)	0.80	0.14 (0.71)	−2.93	0.20**
Depression	0.40 (0.61)	0.93	0.52 (0.71)	0.93	0.10 (0.64)	−2.54	0.16*
Fatigue	0.86 (0.90)	0.90	0.85 (0.89)	0.90	−0.03 (0.88)	0.73	−0.03
Elation	2.01 (0.94)	0.88	1.56 (0.92)	0.87	−0.46 (0.87)	8.49	−0.53***
Friendliness	2.71 (0.90)	0.92	2.22 (0.97)	0.91	−0.50 (0.81)	9.81	−0.62***
Vigor	2.20 (0.97)	0.92	1.84 (0.98)	0.91	−0.36 (0.84)	6.77	−0.43***
NA composite	0.63 (0.61)	0.98	0.82 (0.73)	0.98	0.18 (0.63)	−4.39	0.29***
PA composite	2.31 (0.88)	0.96	1.87 (0.90)	0.96	−0.44 (0.75)	9.28	−0.59***
Behavioral smoking task
Time delay (min)	39.87 (17.3)	—	23.56 (23.0)	—	−16.58 (22.7)	11.52	−0.73***
Cigarettes smoked	1.22 (0.95)	—	1.53 (0.94)	—	0.32 (0.93)	−5.45	0.34***

CO = carbon monoxide levels (parts per million); QSU = Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (range 0–5); MNWS = Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (range 0–5); NA = negative affect; PA = positive affect; POMS = Profile of Mood States (range 0–5); Time Delay (range 0–50 minutes); Cigarettes smoked (range 0–8). Abstinence-Induced Change Score = score in abstinent condition—score in non-abstinent condition.

^aNo significant interaction effects were found for CO levels during abstinent sessions and withdrawal outcomes.

*P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .0001.