Table 3.
Race/Ethnicity Differences in Abstinence-Induced Changes in Withdrawal Outcomes
| African American (N = 178) | White (N = 118) | Hispanic (N = 28) | Omnibus test of race/ethnicity differences | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | F a | Partialb η2 | |
| Measures | |||||
| QSU | 2.39 (1.30) | 2.36 (1.08) | 1.68 (1.26) | 3.61** | 0.028 |
| MNWS | 0.76 (1.04) | 0.82 (1.04) | 0.68 (1.22) | 0.13 | |
| POMS | |||||
| Anger | 0.19 (0.66) | 0.37 (0.73) | 0.11 (0.72) | 1.18 | |
| Anxiety | 0.40 (0.83) | 0.47 (0.87) | 0.34 (0.78) | 0.36 | |
| Confusion | 0.12 (0.72) | 0.20 (0.73) | 0.11 (0.62) | 0.07 | |
| Depression | 0.08 (0.67) | 0.14 (0.56) | 0.12 (0.76) | 0.003 | |
| Fatigue | −0.05 (0.86) | −0.03 (0.95) | 0.11 (0.76) | 0.37 | |
| Elation | −0.56 (0.89) | −0.39 (0.84) | −0.14 (0.78) | 3.64** | 0.028 |
| Friendliness | −0.58 (0.85) | −0.44 (0.79) | −0.21 (0.64) | 3.51** | 0.027 |
| Vigor | −0.43 (0.87) | −0.33 (0.81) | −0.05 (0.73) | 2.36* | 0.018 |
| NA composite | 0.14 (0.62) | 0.23 (0.66) | 0.16 (0.61) | 0.06 | |
| PA composite | −0.52 (0.77) | −0.39 (0.74) | −0.14 (0.63) | 3.87** | 0.030 |
| Behavioral smoking task | |||||
| Time delay (min) | −18.01 (23.6) | −15.17 (21.8) | −13.61 (21.1) | 0.54 | |
| Cigarettes smoked | 0.24 (0.73) | 0.44 (1.16) | 0.26 (0.96) | 0.95 | |
QSU = Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (range 0–5); MNWS = Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (range 0–5); NA = negative affect; PA = positive affect; POMS = Profile of Mood States (range 0–5); time delay (range 0–50 minutes); cigarettes smoked (range 0–8).
aOmnibus test of race/ethnicity differences in abstinence-induced changes in analysis of covariances (ANCOVAs) controlling for age and cigarettes/d.
bPartial η2 values for significant ANCOVAs.
*P < .10; **P < .05.