Table 3.
Proportion (with 95% CIs) of Indoor Workers Aged ≥18 Covered by Smokefree Workplace Policies, by State (overall and by sex)—TUS-CPS, 2003 and 2010–2011a
| State | ALL | Males | Females | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2003 | 2010–2011 | Relative Differenceb (%) | 2003 | 2010–2011 | 2003 | 2010–2011 | |
| Total United States | 77.7 (77.2, 78.1) | 82.8 (82.4, 83.2) | 6.6 | 73.8 (73.1, 74.5) | 80.3 (79.7, 80.8) | 80.6 (80.1, 81.0) | 84.9 (84.4, 85.3) |
| States that implemented comprehensive smokefree laws prior to 2004 e | |||||||
| Delawarec | 88.7 (85.7, 91.1) | 77.8 (74.1, 81.1) | −12.3 | 86.7 (82.9, 89.8) | 78.8 (73.7, 83.1) | 90.1 (87.0, 92.5) | 77.1 (73.2, 80.6) |
| New York | 84.3 (82.8, 85.6) | 84.8 (83.2, 86.3) | 0.7 | 80.9 (78.4, 83.3) | 82.2 (79.5, 84.6) | 86.9 (85.4, 88.3) | 87.0 (85.3, 88.6) |
| States that implemented comprehensive smokefree laws during 2004–2010f | |||||||
| Arizona | 78.5 (74.4, 82.2) | 83.7 (80.4, 86.5) | 6.5 | 73.8 (66.7, 79.7) | 80.5 (75.2, 84.9) | 82.5 (79.1, 85.5) | 86.3 (82.7, 89.2) |
| Colorado | 77.0 (70.9, 82.2) | 83.6 (80.4, 86.4) | 8.5 | 75.2 (69.3, 80.3) | 80.5 (76.7, 83.9) | 78.6 (71.2, 84.5) | 86.5 (82.8, 89.5) |
| Hawaii | 75.0 (71.3, 78.3) | 70.7 (66.4, 74.7) | −5.7 | 75.9 (70.0, 80.9) | 69.9 (63.4, 75.7) | 74.3 (69.3, 78.7) | 71.3 (66.7, 75.4) |
| District of Columbia | 83.3 (79.9, 86.2) | 87.2 (84.9, 89.1) | 4.7 | 80.3 (74.7, 85.0) | 85.8 (82.4, 88.6) | 85.7 (81.8, 88.8) | 88.5 (86.0, 90.6) |
| Illinoisd | 77.0 (74.6, 79.1) | 88.4 (86.7, 89.9) | 14.9 | 72.5 (68.6, 76.0) | 88.6 (86.2, 90.6) | 80.5 (78.4, 82.5) | 88.2 (86.1, 90.1) |
| Iowad | 75.6 (72.6, 78.4) | 88.8 (86.2, 91.1) | 17.5 | 68.8 (62.7, 74.3) | 86.8 (83.6, 89.4) | 80.7 (76.9, 84.0) | 90.4 (87.2, 92.9) |
| Kansasd | 75.5 (72.7, 78.1) | 86.3 (83.1, 88.9) | 14.3 | 70.6 (66.3, 74.5) | 83.7 (78.6, 87.7) | 79.3 (76.3, 82.0) | 88.4 (85.3, 90.9) |
| Maine | 85.4 (82.6, 87.8) | 85.4 (83.0, 87.6) | 0.1 | 81.9 (77.5, 85.5) | 84.1 (80.1, 87.4) | 87.8 (85.1, 90.1) | 86.4 (83.5, 88.9) |
| Maryland | 84.2 (80.6, 87.2) | 86.6 (84.4, 88.4) | 2.9 | 83.0 (77.8, 87.1) | 85.3 (81.8, 88.3) | 85.0 (81.2, 88.1) | 87.6 (85.4, 89.5) |
| Massachusetts | 87.2 (84.8, 89.2) | 84.7 (81.1, 87.7) | −2.9 | 84.8 (81.2, 87.8) | 81.6 (76.3, 85.9) | 89.1 (86.7, 91.1) | 87.1 (83.8, 89.8) |
| Michigand | 71.1 (68.8, 73.3) | 88.7 (86.8, 90.5) | 24.8 | 65.0 (61.2, 68.6) | 85.9 (82.7, 88.7) | 76.2 (73.5, 78.8) | 91.2 (89.0, 93.1) |
| Minnesotad | 81.2 (79.2, 83.0) | 91.0 (89.2, 92.6) | 12.2 | 75.9 (72.4, 79.1) | 89.8 (87.2, 91.9) | 85.2 (82.9, 87.3) | 92.1 (90.2, 93.7) |
| Montanad | 75.2 (72.0, 78.2) | 92.6 (89.5, 94.9) | 23.2 | 73.9 (69.0, 78.2) | 92.1 (86.6, 95.5) | 76.1 (72.5, 79.3) | 93.0 (89.1, 95.5) |
| Nebraska | 77.4 (74.9, 79.8) | 83.1 (79.9, 85.9) | 7.4 | 69.5 (65.4, 73.3) | 80.0 (74.8, 84.3) | 82.7 (79.4, 85.6) | 85.8 (82.1, 88.8) |
| New Jerseyd | 79.9 (77.8, 82.0) | 85.6 (83.0, 87.9) | 7.1 | 76.5 (73.1, 79.6) | 83.9 (80.4, 86.9) | 82.6 (80.1, 84.8) | 87.1 (83.7, 89.9) |
| New Mexico | 77.1 (73.9, 80.1) | 78.5 (73.2, 83.0) | 1.7 | 75.4 (70.3, 79.8) | 76.6 (67.3, 83.8) | 78.3 (74.2, 81.9) | 80.1 (74.2, 84.9) |
| Ohiod | 71.2 (68.3, 73.9) | 84.8 (82.6, 86.7) | 19.1 | 65.3 (60.4, 69.9) | 82.7 (79.5, 85.6) | 75.8 (73.1, 78.3) | 86.4 (84.0, 88.5) |
| Oregond | 80.9 (77.6, 83.8) | 91.1 (89.2, 92.8) | 12.7 | 77.5 (73.3, 81.2) | 90.6 (87.2, 93.1) | 83.7 (79.8, 87.0) | 91.6 (89.1, 93.5) |
| Rhode Islandd | 81.0 (78.5, 83.3) | 86.9 (84.5, 89.1) | 7.3 | 79.9 (75.7, 83.5) | 85.3 (81.3, 88.5) | 81.9 (79.0, 84.5) | 88.3 (85.6, 90.5) |
| South Dakota | 82.4 (79.2, 85.2) | 83.5 (81.2, 85.5) | 1.3 | 79.8 (75.3, 83.7) | 81.3 (77.8, 84.4) | 84.2 (81.0, 86.9) | 85.0 (81.9, 87.7) |
| Utah | 85.7 (82.7, 88.3) | 89.4 (86.9, 91.4) | 4.3 | 84.3 (79.9, 87.8) | 91.8 (88.7, 94.2) | 86.9 (83.7, 89.6) | 87.0 (83.5, 89.9) |
| Vermont | 83.5 (81.2, 85.6) | 86.5 (84.1, 88.6) | 3.6 | 78.2 (73.6, 82.2) | 82.6 (78.8, 85.9) | 87.0 (83.9, 89.6) | 89.3 (86.4, 91.7) |
| Washingtond | 79.3 (76.5, 81.9) | 91.5 (89.7, 93.1) | 15.4 | 75.1 (70.0, 79.5) | 89.4 (85.8, 92.2) | 82.5 (79.3, 85.3) | 93.3 (91.3, 94.8) |
| Wisconsind | 76.9 (73.6, 79.9) | 86.5 (84.6, 88.2) | 12.5 | 72.4 (67.4, 76.8) | 82.9 (79.2, 86.1) | 80.2 (77.1, 83.0) | 89.4 (86.7, 91.5) |
| States that implemented comprehensive smokefree laws after 2010 | |||||||
| Californiac | 84.3 (83.0, 85.5) | 79.6 (78.3, 80.8) | −5.6 | 82.5 (80.7, 84.3) | 77.0 (75.1, 78.8) | 85.8 (84.2, 87.4) | 81.9 (80.5, 83.3) |
| North Dakotad | 78.3 (75.4, 80.9) | 86.6 (83.5, 89.1) | 10.5 | 73.5 (68.6, 77.9) | 86.1 (81.9, 89.4) | 81.4 (78.0, 84.3) | 86.9 (83.3, 89.9) |
| States that have not implemented comprehensive smokefree laws | |||||||
| Alabama | 76.1 (72.3, 79.6) | 83.0 (79.5, 86.0) | 9 | 73.0 (67.5, 77.8) | 81.5 (76.5, 85.7) | 78.4 (73.6, 82.5) | 84.2 (80.0, 87.6) |
| Alaska | 81.7 (79.1, 84.1) | 83.0 (79.7, 86.0) | 1.6 | 80.3 (74.8, 84.8) | 78.8 (73.4, 83.4) | 82.7 (79.5, 85.5) | 86.5 (81.7, 90.2) |
| Arkansas | 69.8 (63.3, 75.5) | 78.7 (72.1, 84.2) | 12.9 | 64.6 (55.1, 73.0) | 73.6 (63.4, 81.7) | 73.8 (68.1, 78.7) | 82.8 (77.5, 87.0) |
| Connecticut | 79.1 (76.1, 81.8) | 82.3 (79.9, 84.5) | 4 | 78.1 (74.0, 81.8) | 79.5 (75.8, 82.7) | 79.8 (76.1, 83.1) | 84.7 (81.9, 87.1) |
| Florida | 78.4 (76.1, 80.5) | 81.8 (79.9, 83.5) | 4.3 | 75.5 (72.4, 78.3) | 79.6 (76.8, 82.2) | 80.3 (77.8, 82.5) | 83.5 (81.0, 85.7) |
| Georgiad | 71.3 (67.7, 74.7) | 79.0 (76.5, 81.4) | 10.8 | 67.7 (62.2, 72.8) | 75.3 (71.0, 79.2) | 73.7 (68.9, 77.9) | 81.9 (78.6, 84.7) |
| Idahod | 75.1 (71.3, 78.6) | 84.4 (81.0, 87.2) | 12.3 | 68.9 (62.4, 74.8) | 79.9 (74.1, 84.6) | 79.7 (75.7, 83.1) | 88.2 (84.8, 91.0) |
| Indiana | 70.8 (66.2, 75.1) | 79.9 (76.5, 83.0) | 12.9 | 64.2 (58.3, 69.7) | 75.4 (69.6, 80.5) | 76.1 (71.2, 80.3) | 83.8 (81.0, 86.2) |
| Kentuckyd | 69.2 (65.7, 72.5) | 81.0 (77.9, 83.8) | 17.1 | 64.0 (58.8, 68.9) | 81.0 (77.2, 84.3) | 73.2 (68.8, 77.2) | 81.1 (76.7, 84.7) |
| Louisiana | 67.7 (61.9, 73.1) | 72.1 (64.0, 78.9) | 6.4 | 58.9 (50.6, 66.8) | 68.0 (57.2, 77.1) | 72.9 (67.1, 78.1) | 75.2 (67.4, 81.7) |
| Mississippi | 75.2 (69.1, 80.5) | 79.6 (74.6, 83.8) | 5.8 | 68.5 (60.7, 75.4) | 75.8 (69.5, 81.2) | 79.4 (72.8, 84.8) | 81.9 (76.5, 86.3) |
| Missouri | 74.2 (70.1, 77.9) | 77.6 (74.5, 80.4) | 4.6 | 66.8 (61.7, 71.5) | 74.0 (69.7, 77.9) | 79.4 (74.9, 83.2) | 80.1 (76.6, 83.1) |
| Nevada | 60.0 (56.8, 63.1) | 63.3 (60.1, 66.3) | 5.4 | 55.0 (49.6, 60.4) | 60.8 (56.3, 65.0) | 63.8 (60.9, 66.6) | 65.5 (61.2, 69.6) |
| New Hampshire | 84.0 (81.6, 86.1) | 82.1 (79.7, 84.2) | −2.3 | 82.2 (78.8, 85.2) | 80.1 (76.4, 83.3) | 85.4 (82.7, 87.8) | 83.8 (80.9, 86.3) |
| North Carolinad | 71.1 (67.8, 74.2) | 82.0 (79.3, 84.3) | 15.2 | 66.4 (62.3, 70.4) | 78.1 (74.2, 81.6) | 74.7 (70.6, 78.3) | 84.8 (81.9, 87.4) |
| Oklahoma | 77.1 (73.4, 80.4) | 81.7 (78.2, 84.7) | 6 | 73.2 (67.3, 78.3) | 79.7 (74.7, 83.9) | 79.9 (75.3, 83.9) | 83.3 (79.2, 86.8) |
| Pennsylvaniad | 77.7 (75.1, 80.1) | 87.3 (85.5, 88.9) | 12.3 | 73.7 (69.8, 77.2) | 85.4 (82.9, 87.6) | 80.7 (77.6, 83.5) | 88.7 (86.5, 90.6) |
| South Carolina | 72.4 (69.7, 75.0) | 75.5 (72.2, 78.6) | 4.3 | 64.1 (58.6, 69.3) | 68.9 (64.2, 73.3) | 77.9 (74.4, 81.1) | 80.4 (76.8, 83.6) |
| Tennesseed | 72.6 (69.1, 75.8) | 82.5 (78.8, 85.7) | 13.6 | 66.5 (60.8, 71.8) | 78.0 (71.8, 83.1) | 77.1 (73.3, 80.4) | 86.2 (82.6, 89.2) |
| Texas | 75.5 (73.3, 77.6) | 74.8 (72.8, 76.7) | −0.9 | 71.4 (68.4, 74.2) | 71.0 (68.4, 73.5) | 78.6 (75.9, 81.1) | 78.0 (75.4, 80.4) |
| Virginiad | 76.8 (74.0, 79.5) | 83.1 (80.6, 85.3) | 8.1 | 74.9 (70.0, 79.2) | 80.2 (76.2, 83.7) | 78.3 (74.7, 81.5) | 85.5 (82.2, 88.4) |
| West Virginiad | 76.0 (72.5, 79.2) | 85.7 (82.1, 88.7) | 12.7 | 75.1 (70.1, 79.5) | 83.9 (78.6, 88.0) | 76.7 (73.0, 80.0) | 86.9 (82.3, 90.5) |
| Wyoming | 75.9 (72.9, 78.7) | 80.3 (77.6, 82.7) | 5.8 | 71.6 (66.5, 76.2) | 78.0 (73.2, 82.2) | 78.3 (75.1, 81.2) | 81.9 (78.9, 84.6) |
aThe analysis only included respondents to TUS-CPS aged ≥18 years who reported that they worked indoors and mainly worked in an office building or in another nonresidential place at the time of the interview. Those respondents who reported the presence of a smokefree workplace policy at their place of employment that did not permit smoking in work areas and that also did not permit smoking in indoor public or common areas (such as lobbies, rest rooms, and lunch rooms) were considered to be covered by a smokefree workplace policy. Two-proportion z-tests were used to ascertain significant differences between values for the two timepoints for each state. A Bonferroni-adjusted p value of .0010 was used as the threshold for the multisubgroup comparisons. Separate state-level statistical tests were performed for males and females, respectively, across the two time periods. For each sex, the state-level 2010–2011 estimates were bolded if a significant change from 2003 was detected for that sex.
bRelative difference = 100 × (2010–2011 estimate – 2003 estimate)/2003 estimate.
cStates showed significant decreases in smokefree workplace policy coverage prevalence from 2003 to 2010–2011.
dStates showed significant increases in smokefree workplace policy coverage prevalence from 2003 to 2010–2011.
eThe New York smokefree law’s effective date fell during the 2003 survey administration.
fThe effective dates for the Michigan, Kansas, Wisconsin and South Dakota smokefree laws fell during the 2010–2011 survey administration.