Table 2. Primary and secondary outcomes measures assessed at T0, T1, and T2.
| T0 | T1 | T2 | p | p′ | Change | ES | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-training | Post-8 sessions | Post-16 sessions | T0 vs. T1 | T1 vs. T2 | T0 vs. T2 | T0-T1 | T1-T2 | T0-T2 | Post-16 sessions | ||
| Primary outcomes | |||||||||||
| UPDRS III (off) | 23.38±7.97 | 18.85±6.91 | 15.92±6.06 | 0.000 | 0.011 | 0.007 | 0.001 | −4.54±5.21 | −2.92±3.07 | −7.46±4.45 | −1.66 |
| Tremor subscores | 0.85±1.07 | 0.77±1.36 | 0.77±1.09 | 0.939 | 0.705 | 1.00 | 0.564 | −0.08±0.76 | 0.00±0.58 | −0.08±0.49 | −0.16 |
| Rigidity subscores | 4.69±2.93 | 4.77±2.74 | 4.38±2.81 | 0.303 | 0.558 | 0.248 | 0.304 | 0.08±3.52 | −0.38±1.12 | −0.31±3.33 | −0.09 |
| Akinesia subscores | 9.54±3.76 | 6.54±2.85 | 5.54±2.33 | 0.001 | 0.009 | 0.041 | 0.003 | −3.00±3.32 | −1.00±1.53 | −4.00±2.71 | −1.48 |
| PIGD subscores | 1.69±0.85 | 1.23±0.83 | 0.85±0.69 | 0.003 | 0.058 | 0.096 | 0.005 | −0.46±0.78 | −0.38±0.77 | −0.85±0.69 | −1.23 |
| UPDRS III (on) | 15.46±5.56 | 14.00±6.65 | 11.38±5.68 | 0.009 | 0.254 | 0.037 | 0.004 | −1.46±3.97 | −2.62±4.01 | −4.08±3.55 | −1.15 |
| Tremor subscores | 0.31±0.63 | 0.62±1.19 | 0.31±0.75 | 0.779 | 0.414 | 0.414 | 1.000 | 0.31±1.18 | −0.31±1.18 | 0.00±0.41 | 0.00 |
| Rigidity subscores | 3.77±2.62 | 3.31±2.02 | 2.54±2.5 | 0.145 | 0.337 | 0.151 | 0.106 | −0.46±1.61 | −0.77±1.79 | −1.23±2.52 | −0.49 |
| Akinesia subscores | 5.92±2.69 | 5.15±2.88 | 4.46±2.22 | 0.033 | 0.280 | 0.102 | 0.005 | −0.77±2.20 | −0.69±1.60 | −1.46±1.20 | −1.22 |
| PIGD subscores | 1.38±1.12 | 0.92±0.86 | 0.62±0.77 | 0.012 | 0.058 | 0.157 | 0.015 | −0.46±0.78 | −0.31±0.75 | −0.77±0.83 | −0.93 |
| TUG (on) | 7.36±1.19 | 7.18±1.38 | 6.86±0.89 | 0.006 | 0.422 | 0.133 | 0.003 | −0.18±0.70 | −0.32±0.79 | −0.50±0.57 | −0.88 |
| Secondary outcomes | |||||||||||
| MoCA | 27.62±1.61 | - | 29.23±0.83 | - | - | - | 0.004S | - | - | 1.62±1.45 | 1.12 |
| mHYS (off) | 1.96±0.48 | - | 1.62±0.62 | - | - | - | 0.014S | - | - | −0.35±0.38 | −0.92 |
| mHYS (on) | 1.81±0.66 | - | 1.46±0.63 | - | - | - | 0.024S | - | - | −0.35±0.43 | −0.81 |
| UPDRS I (on) | 1.92±1.04 | - | 1.38±0.65 | - | - | - | 0.100S | - | - | −0.54±1.13 | −0.48 |
| UPDRS II (on) | 7.38±3.10 | - | 5.69±3.09 | - | - | - | 0.056S | - | - | −1.69±2.78 | −0.61 |
| UPDRS IV (on) | 0.00±0.00 | - | 0.00±0.00 | - | - | - | 1.000S | - | - | 0.00±0.00 | - |
| Total UPDRS (on) | 24.77±7.78 | - | 18.46±7.92 | - | - | - | 0.005S | - | - | −6.31±5.17 | −1.22 |
| FES | 31.15±12.21 | - | 29.15±10.86 | - | - | - | 0.824S | - | - | −2.00±10.46 | −0.19 |
| NFOGQ | Non-freezer | Non-freezer | Non-freezer | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| SE-ADL (%) | 91.54±3.76 | - | 91.54±3.76 | 1.000S | - | - | 0.00±4.08 | - | |||
| PDQ-39 | 23.15±15.76 | - | 18.62±11.84 | - | - | - | 0.421S | - | - | −4.54±14.27 | −0.32 |
| PGI-C (%) | |||||||||||
| Very much improved | - | 1, 7.69 | 1, 7.69 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Much improved | - | 4, 30.77 | 5, 38.46 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Minimally improved | - | 7, 53.85 | 6, 46.15 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| No change | - | 1, 7.69 | 1, 7.69 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Change in negative value indicates improvement: mHYS, UPDRS, TUG, PDQ-39, FES.
Mean±SD, p: Friedman test, α=0.05; p′: Wilcoxon signed rank test, α=0.017; S: Wilcoxon signed rank test, α=0.05; ES (Chohn's d)=mean of change/SD; 0.2 small effect; 0.5 medium effect; 0.8 large effect; T0: Pre-training; T1: Post 8-session training, T2: Post 16-session training; Tremor subscores: item 20 (tremor at rest); Rigidity subscores: item 22 (rigidity); Akinesia subscores; items 23–26 (finger taps, hand movements, rapid alternating movements of the hands, and leg agility); PIGD subscores; items 29–30 (gait, postural stability).
ES: effect size, FES: Falls Efficacy Scale, mHYS: Modified Hoehn and Yahr, MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment, NFOGQ: New Freezing of Gait Questionnaire, PDQ-39: 39-item Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire, PGI-C: Patient Global Impression of Change, SD-ADL: Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living, TUG: Timed Up and Go, UPDRS: Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale.