Table 1.
List of important plants/plant parts used in the preparation of traditional pickles in the Himalayan and adjacent hilly regions
| Scientific name of plant | Vernacular name of pickle/plant used | Specific community/tribe associated | Plant part(s) used for pickling | Geographical location/region | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Acacia rugata (Lam.) Fawc. & Rendle Family: Leguminosae |
Sikakai, Aila, Lashiur | NS | Young shoots | Nepal | Uprety et al. (2012) |
|
Agaricus bisporus
Family: Agaricaceae (Fungi) |
Lolam | Nyishi tribe | Whole plant body | Arunachal Pradesh (India) | Gangwar et al. (2015) |
|
Alocasia navicularis (K. Koch & C.D. Bouche) K. Koch & C.D. Bouche Family: Araceae |
Mane | Nyishi tribe | All parts | Arunachal Pradesh (India) | Gautam et al. (2004) |
|
Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson Family: Araceae |
Ole | NS (for Nepal), Nyishi tribe | Root | Nepal; Arunachal Pradesh (India) | Bhattarai (1991), Gangwar et al. (2015) |
|
Antidesma acidum Retz. Family: Phyllanthaceae |
Dakhi | NS | Young leaves | Nepal | Uprety et al. (2012) |
|
Antidesma montanum Blume Family: Phyllanthaceae |
Archal | NS | Young leaves | Nepal | Acharya and Acharya (2010) |
|
Aralia leschenaultii (DC.) J. Wen Family: Araliaceae |
Chinday | NS | Young shoots | Nepal; Sikkim (India) | Sundriyal et al. (1998), Tamang and Thapa (2014) |
|
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Family: Moraceae |
Katahal, Belang | Adi tribe | Unripe fruits | Arunachal Pradesh (India) | Kumar et al. (2015a, b) |
|
Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham. Family: Moraceae |
Dheu, Badar | NS | Unripe fruits | Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim (India); Southern Nepal | Rai and Rai (1994), Gautam et al. (2004) |
|
Asparagus racemosus Willd. Family: Asparagaceae |
Kurilo, Jhirjhirekanda, Kurla | NS | Tender shoots | Nepal | Uprety et al. (2012) |
|
Bambusa tulda Roxb. Family: Poaceae |
Tama | NS | Young shoots | Sikkim (India) | Tamang and Thapa (2014) |
|
Bauhinia variegata L. Family: Leguminosae |
Koirala, koilar, Kachnar | NS | Flower buds, Pods | Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir (India); Some parts of Nepal | Acharya and Acharya (2010), Uprety et al. (2012), Malla et al. (2014) |
|
Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. Family: Cucurbitaceae |
Kubhindo | NS | Fruits | Nepal | Uprety et al. (2012) |
|
Caltha palustris L. Family: Ranunculaceae |
Horgul | NS | Young flower tops | Parvati valley in Himachal Pradesh (India) | Sharma et al. (2010) |
|
Cannabis sativa L. Family: Cannabaceae |
Gaanja, Ganja, Bhango | Gurung, Mangar, Majhi community | Roasted seed | Gauriganj and Jhapa (Nepal) | Malla et al. (2014) |
|
Capparis spinosa L. Family: Capparaceae |
Baganchuwa | NS | Young shoots | Nepal | Uprety et al. (2012) |
|
Capsicum annuum L. Family: Solanaceae |
Pettang Misi, Chukh | Adi, Nocte and Wancho | Fruits | Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh (India) | Tangjang et al. (2014), Bhuyan and Teyang (2015) |
|
Capsicum chinense Jacq. Family: Solanaceae |
Sibol Misi, Dalle khorsani | Adi tribe; Nepali community | Fruits | Arunachal Pradesh, Darjeeling, Sikkim (India) | Tamang and Thapa (2014), Tangjang et al. (2014) |
|
Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) B.L. Burtt & A.W. Hill Family: Anacardiaceae |
Lapsi | NS | Fruits | Sikkim, Darjeeling (India); Kavrepalanchowk District (Nepal) | Chhetri and Gauchan (2007), Malla et al. (2014), Singh et al. (2014), Mahato and Chhetri (2015) |
|
Cissus javana DC. Family: Vitaceae |
Jogilahara | NS | Leaves | Nepal | Uprety et al. (2012) |
|
Citrus macroptera
Family: Rutaceae |
Soh Kwit, Chambal | Khasi and Garo tribe | Pulp, Whole Fruits | Meghalaya (India) | Upadhaya et al. (2016) |
|
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott Family: Araceae |
Kachalu, Taro, Kacchu | NS | Tuber, Petioles | Bilaspur District (Nepal) | Bhattarai (1991), Gautam et al. (2004), Monika et al. (2016) |
|
Cordia myxa L. Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. Family: Boraginaceae |
Lasora | NS | Fruits | Sewa catchment area in Jammu & Kashmir (India) | Khan et al. (2009), Sharma and Singh (2012), Khan and Hussain (2014), Monika et al. (2016) |
|
Crateva religiosa G. Forst. Family: Capparaceae |
Shiplikan | NS | Leaf bud | Durbar Devisthan, Gulmi (Nepal) | Gautam et al. (2004) |
|
Cucumis sativus (L.) Family: Cucurbitaceae |
Kakra, Khalpi, Adhai | Thangmi community | Mature and ripened fruits | Darjeeling, Sikkim (India); Nepal | Turin (2003) |
|
Cydonia oblonga Mill. Family: Rosaceae |
Beedana | NS | Fruits | Kullu in Himachal Pradesh (India) | Monika et al. (2016) |
|
Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees and Arnott Family: Poaceae |
Mesu, Dibang, Iiting, Ikung | Limboo tribe; Adi tribe | Shoots | Darjeeling, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh (India) | Acharya and Acharya (2010), Kumar et al. (2015a, b) |
|
Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees Family: Poaceae |
Bans | NS | Mature stem | Sewa catchment area in Jammu & Kashmir (India) | Khan et al. (2009), Khan and Hussain (2014) |
|
Desmodium oojeinense (Roxb.) H. Ohashi Family: Leguminosae |
Sadhan, Panan | NS | Flower | Rupandehi District (Nepal) | Acharya and Acharya (2010) |
|
Dillenia indica L. Family: Dilleniaceae |
Outenga, Chompa, Sompa | Adi tribe | Unripe fruits | Arunachal Pradesh (India) | Kumar et al. (2015a, b) |
|
Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Family: Athyriaceae |
Lingri, Lingra | NS | Young fronds, Leaves | Kullu, Chamba, Solan, Shimla in Himachal Pradesh, Poonch District in Jammu & Kashmir (India) | Sharma et al. (2009), Monika et al. (2016) |
|
Diplazium frondosum C. Chr. Family: Athyriaceae |
Khandhor, Kasror | NS | Young leaves | Sewa catchment area in Jammu & Kashmir (India) | Khan et al. (2009), Khan and Hussain (2014) |
|
Docynia indica (Wall.) Decne. Family: Rosaceae |
Chipfoshi, Phosi, Theithup | Nagas and Kukis | Ripe fruits | Nagaland, Manipur (India) | Pfoze et al. (2011) |
|
Dryopteris cochleata (D. Don) C. Chr. Family: Dryopteridaceae |
Niuro, Kochiya | NS | Tender leaves | Rupandehi District (Nepal) | Acharya and Acharya (2010) |
|
Duchesnea indica (Jacks.) Focke Family: Rosaceae |
Bhui Kapal | NS | Fruits | Darjeeling (India) | Mahato and Chhetri (2015) |
|
Elaeagnus latifolia L. Family: Elaegnaceae |
Musleri | NS | Fruits | Darjeeling (India) | Mahato and Chhetri 2015 |
|
Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson Family: Elaeagnaceae |
Cherma | NS | Fruits | Spiti valley (India) | Singh et al. (2012) |
|
Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. Family: Elaeagnaceae |
Ghain, Ginhin | NS | Fruits | Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Darjeeling, Meghalaya (India) | Singh and Thakur (2014), Singh et al. (2014) |
|
Eriolobus trilobatus (Labill. ex Poir.) M. Roem. Family: Rosaceae |
Mehel | NS | Fruits | Sikkim, Darjeeling (India) | Sundriyal et al. (1998), Singh et al. (2014), Mahato and Chhetri (2015) |
|
Eryngium foetidum L. Family: Apiaceae |
Brahma dhania | NS | Leaves | Sikkim (India) | Gautam et al. (2004) |
|
Evodia fraxinifolia (Hook.) Benth. Family: Rutaceae |
Khanakpa | NS | Fruits | South western Himachal Pradesh (India) | Gautam et al. (2004) |
|
Ficus hispida L.f. Family: Moraceae |
Thote, Khasreto | NS | Fruits | Nepal | Uprety et al. (2012) |
|
Ficus lacor Buch.-Ham. Family: Moraceae |
Kabhro, Kapara | Gurung, Magar, Majhi community | Flowers, Young buds and Leaves | Gauriganj & Jhapa District (Nepal) | Gautam et al. (2004), Acharya and Acharya (2010), Malla et al. (2014) |
|
Ficus virens Aiton Family: Moraceae |
Kabra, Kunhip | Lepcha community | Unopened leaf buds | Sikkim (India) | Rai and Rai (1994), Tamang and Thapa (2014) |
|
Glycine max (L.) Merr Family: Leguminosae |
Bhatmas, Aakhone, Tungrymbai | Nepali, Khasi and Garo | Seeds | Sikkim, Nagaland, Meghalaya (India) | Tamang and Thapa (2014), Tamang (2015) |
|
Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass. Family: Asteraceae |
Philingo | NS | Seeds | Sikkim, Darjeeling (India) | Tamang and Thapa (2014) |
|
Heracleum wallichii DC. Family: Apiaceae |
Chimping | NS | Dried flowers, Fruits | Sikkim, Darjeeling (India) | Tamang and Thapa (2014), Sundriyal et al. (1998) |
|
Hydnum repandum L. Family: Hydnaceae (Fungi) |
Chyau | NS | Whole plant body | Nepal | Uprety et al. (2012) |
|
Indigofera atropurpurea Hornem. Family: Leguminosae |
Sakhino, Jhimiliya | NS | Flowers | Rupandehi District (Nepal) | Acharya and Acharya (2010) |
|
Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. Family: Lauraceae |
Siltimbur | NS | Fruits | Sikkim, Darjeeling (India) | Sundriyal et al. (1998), Tamang and Thapa (2014) |
|
Livistona jenkinsiana Griff. Family: Arecaceae |
Tokopatta | Adi tribe | Leaves | Arunachal Pradesh (India) | Kumar et al. (2015a, b) |
|
Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Family: Solanaceae |
Tamatar | NS | Unripe fruits | Kullu in Himachal Pradesh (India) | Monika et al. (2016) |
|
Mahonia napaulensis DC. Family: Berberidaceae |
Chitre | Gurung, Magar, Majhi community | Ripe Fruits | Gauriganj and Jhapa District (Nepal) | Malla et al. (2014) |
|
Mangifera indica L. Family: Annacardiaceae |
Aamp, Sathak, Aam | NS | Fruits | Nepal; Himachal Pradesh (India) | Gautam et al. (2004), Acharya and Acharya (2010), Uprety et al. (2012) |
|
Mentha spicata L. Family: Lamiaceae |
Pudina | NS | Leaves | Rupandehi District, Nepal | Gautam et al. (2004), Acharya and Acharya (2010)] |
|
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Family: Nelumbonaceae |
Thambal | NS | Young leaves, Roots | Arunachal Pradesh (India) | Gangwar et al. (2015) |
|
Oxalis
corniculata L. Family: Oxalidaceae |
Charia milo | NS | Vegetative parts | Rupandehi District, Nepal | Acharya and Acharya (2010) |
|
Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr. Family: Leguminosae |
Yongchak | Meitei tribe | Tender pods | Manipur (India) | Singh et al. (2007) |
|
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton Family: Lamiaceae |
Nambongmuchi, Silam | Limboo tribe | Roasted seeds | Sikkim (India); Nepal | Uprety et al. (2012), Tamang and Thapa (2014) |
|
Phyllanthus emblica L. Family: Phyllanthaceae |
Aonla, Amala, Aura | Naga, Kuki, Adi tribe | Fruits | Manipur, Jammu & Kashmir (India); Nepal | Acharya and Acharya (2010), Pfoze et al. (2011), Uprety et al. (2012), Malla et al. (2014), Khan and Hussain (2014) |
|
Pisum sativum L. Family: Leguminosae |
Kegu | Newar community | Seeds | Sikkim (India) | Tamang and Thapa (2014) |
|
Polygonum molle D. Don Family: Polygonaceae |
Thotne | Newar community | Young shoots | Sikkim (India) | Tamang and Thapa (2014) |
|
Praecitrullus fistulosus (Stocks) Pangalo Family: Cucurbitaceae |
Tinda | Nyishi tribe | Tender Fruits | Arunachal Pradesh (India) | Gangwar et al. (2015) |
|
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Family: Rosaceae |
Aaroo | NS | Fruits | Kullu in Himachal Pradesh (India) | Monika et al. (2016) |
|
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Family: Dennstaedtiaceae |
Kakaie | NS | Rhizome, Young leaves | Poonch District in Jammu & Kashmir (India) | Khan et al. (2009) |
|
Pyrus communis L. Family: Rosaceae |
Nashpati | NS | Unripe fruits | Kullu in Himachal Pradesh (India) | Monika et al. (2016) |
|
Rhododendron arboreum Sm. Family: Ericaceae |
Gurans | NS | Flowers | Nepal | Bhattarai (1991) |
|
Ribes alpestre Wall. ex Decne. Family: Grossulariaceae |
Masino Kimbu | Lepcha | Fruits | Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh (India); Nepal | Kumar et al. (2015a, b) |
|
Ricinus communis L. Family: Euphorbiaceae |
Ander, Aril, Raine | NS | Fruits | Nepal | Uprety et al. (2012) |
|
Rohdea nepalensis (Raf.) N. Tanaka Family: Asparagaceae |
Nakima | Bhutia, Lepcha | Sikkim (India) | Tamang and Thapa (2014) | |
|
Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. Family: Cucurbitaceae |
Chocho | NS | Fruits | Nepal | Bhattarai (1991) |
|
Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Family: Leguminosae |
Elon | NS | Seed | Kangra and Chamba valley in Himachal Pradesh (India) | Monika et al. (2016) |
|
Smilax zeylanica L. Family: Smilacaceae |
Kukur daine | NS | Fruits | Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh (India); Nepal | Uprety et al. (2012), Tamang and Thapa (2014) |
|
Solanum betaceum Cav. Family: Solanaceae |
Rukh tamatar | NS | Fruits | Sikkim, Darjeeling (India); Nepal | Singh et al. 2014 |
|
Solena heterophylla Lour. Family: Cucurbitaceae |
Ban khira | NS | Fruits | Gauriganj and Jhapa District, Nepal | Gautam et al. (2004) |
|
Tamarindus
indica L. Family: Leguminosae |
Imili | NS | Fleshy fruit pulp | Rupandehi District (Nepal) | Acharya and Acharya (2010) |
|
Thelypteris spp. Family: Thelypteridaceae |
Neuro | NS | Tender leaves | Nepal | Gautam et al. (2004) |
|
Thymus serpyllum L. Family: Lamiaceae |
Merchari | NS | Seeds | Sewa catchment area in Jammu & Kashmir (India) | Khan et al. (2009), Khan and Hussain (2014) |
|
Trichosanthes cucumerina L. Family: Cucurbitaceae |
Chachinde | NS | Tender Fruits | Arunachal Pradesh (India) | Gangwar et al. (2015) |
|
Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Family: Rutaceae |
Boke timbur | NS | Fruits | Sikkim, Darjeeling (India); Nepal | Gautam et al. (2004), Malla et al. (2014) |
|
Zanthoxylum oxyphyllum Edgew. Family: Rutaceae |
Laharay Timbur | NS | Fruits, Seeds | Sikkim (India) | Tamang and Thapa (2014) |
NS not specific, no specific tribe/community could be assigned