Fig. 1. Time- and dose-dependent induction of biochemical changes in HONE-1 and HK-1 cells.

Asynchronous NPC cell lines treated with roniciclib at IC₅₀ concentrations (HONE-1, 40 nM; HK-1, 30 nM) and five times the IC₅₀ concentrations (HONE-1, 200 nM; HK-1, 150 nM) across different time points. Control cells were treated with 0.05% DMSO. Cell lysates were prepared, and 40 µg protein samples were resolved by SDS-PAGE and subjected to western blotting for key apoptotic markers, i.e., PARP, caspase-3, survivin, p53, and GAPDH. All experiments were performed in triplicate