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. 2018 Apr 12;9:1438. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03939-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Improved metabolic profile of ob/ob mice by administration of autophagy enhancer. a Nonfasting blood glucose level of ob/ob mice treated with MSL (F = 178.3, df = 1). b Fasting blood glucose level after MSL treatment for 8 weeks (F = 8.3, df treatment = 3, df residual = 38). c IPGTT after the same treatment (F = 49.5, df = 1). d ITT after the same treatment (F = 48.4, df = 1). e Hepatic H&E-stained sections from MSL-treated ob/ob mice. f Hepatic triglyceride content (t = 3.5, df = 22). g Serum AST/ALT levels (t = 3.7, df = 15 for AST; t = 2.3, df = 15 for ALT). h H&E staining (upper) and immunohistochemistry using F4/80 antibody (lower) of adipose tissue from ob/ob mice treated with MSL for 8 weeks. i Numbers of CLSs in F4/80 antibody-stained sections (t = 9.4, df = 2). j Expression of cytokines in adipose tissue determined by real-time RT-PCR (t = 6.3, df = 4 for Tnfa; t = 6.5, df = 4 for Il-6; t = 11.4, df = 4 for Il-1β; t = 5.5, df = 4 for F4/80). k Inflammasome activation in adipose tissue examined by Western blot analysis. Numbers below immunoblot bands indicate fold changes of cleaved caspase 1 (p10) or mature IL-1β bands normalized to β-actin bands. All data in this figure are the means ± s.e.m. from ≥3 independent experiments performed in triplicate (scale bar, 100 μm). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post-hoc test (a, c, d), one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test (b) or two-tailed Student’s t-test (f, g, i, j)