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. 2017 Mar 14;130(3):501–514. doi: 10.1007/s10265-017-0910-z

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 1 — An example of spectral irradiance and photon flux density (PFD) measured on a clear day (day of year = 195) in 2011 at noon (36.05°N, 140.12°E). Measurements were conducted at 1-min intervals averaged over 1 h (11:30 am to 12:30 pm). a Spectral irradiance and PFD of global solar radiation. Surplus energy for photosynthesis (Es) is also shown (see the main text). b Spectral irradiance of direct (dark line) and diffuse radiation (light line). c Spectral PFD of direct (dark line) and diffuse radiation (light line)

(Adapted from Kume et al. 2016)