Table 2.

Characteristics of the food-requesting events displayed by juvenile bonnet macaques during natural observations and field experiments.

	Sample size	Duration of event (min) Mean ± SE, Range	Rates of coo-calls (acts/min) Mean ± SE Range	Rates of hand-extension gestures (acts/min) Mean ± SE Range	Orientation behaviour (proportion of time spent) Mean ± SE Range	Monitoring behaviour (proportion of time spent) Mean ± SE Range
Natural observations	86 events, 18 individual macaques	2.02 ± 0.19 0.18–8.50	3.85 ± 0.30 1–13	0.33 ± 0.07 0–2.90	0.14 ± 0.01 0.01–0.74	0.39 ± 0.02 0.02–0.98
Field experimental trials	24 trials, 4 individual macaques	40 sec (0.66 min)	4.70 ± 0.50 1–15.15	1.30 ± 0.34 0–12.12	0.14 ± 0.03 0–0.77	0.57 ± 0.02 0.02–0.93
Field control trials	24 trials, 4 individual macaques	40 sec (0.66 min)	1.00 ± 0.35 0–9.00	0	0	0.16 ± 0.01 0.01–0.52