. 2018 Apr 12;9:1426. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03612-2

Table 4.

Membrane performance with alternative draw solutions

Solvent	Alternative draw solution	Osmotic pressure of draw solution (Bar)	Membrane orientation	Solvent flux (LMH)	Reverse solute flux (gMH)	J_s/J_w
Ethanol	2 M CA	32.0 ± 4.6	PRO	2.85 ± 0.72	0.67 ± 0.02	0.24 ± 0.06
	2 M CA	32.0 ± 4.6	FO	2.05 ± 0.30	0.53 ± 0.05	0.22 ± 0.04
	100 g L^-1 PEG1000	5.4 ± 0.2	PRO	1.23 ± 0.19	0.90 ± 0.08	0.73 ± 0.13
	100 g L^-1 PEG1000	5.4 ± 0.2	FO	0.89 ± 0.24	0.79 ± 0.09	0.88 ± 0.26
IPA	2 M DEA	4.2 ± 0.3	PRO	0.52 ± 0.05	N.D.	N.A.
IPA	2 M DEA	4.2 ± 0.3	FO	0.32 ± 0.07	N.D.	N.A.

Feed solution: the respective pure solvent