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. 2018 Apr 12;8:5918. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-24338-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Stability analysis using geNorm, NormFinder, and the comparative ΔCt method. (a) The average gene expression stability (M value) and the pairwise variation value (V value) calculated by geNorm. (b) The inter- and intra-group variability and stability values estimated using NormFinder. In the variability graph, the error bars represent the average of the intra-group variability and the boxes indicate the confidence interval for the inter-group variability. (c) Mean standard deviation (Mean SD) was calculated by the comparative ΔCt method performing pairwise comparisons between genes (ΔCt_Pair).