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. 2018 Mar 15;145(6):dev157685. doi: 10.1242/dev.157685

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Fig. 4. — Sperm grouping and separation. (A) Separation of a sperm aggregate, followed by parallel movement of sub-groups and re-grouping observed around the central lumen of the ampulla (Movie 3). (B,C) The corresponding processes of (B) separation and (C) grouping are presented with balls labeling the sperm locations. (D) A process of sperm grouping, transient joint movement and separation between two mucosa folds in the ampulla (Movie 4). (E,F) The corresponding (E) grouping and (F) separation are presented with balls showing the sperm locations. (G,H) The transient joint movement upon sperm grouping features a sharp increase (red arrows) of sperm velocity that drops back as separation takes place. (I) Between two mucosa folds and close to the luminal center of the ampulla, a number of grouping and separation activities occur among multiple sperm aggregates (Movie 5). Scale bars: 20 µm.