Figure 1.

(a) Map of the Caribbean Sea, with the Antillean archipelago shown in black, and surrounding islands and the American mainland in light grey. The major colonization routes of Antillean hummingbirds are indicated by dark grey arrows, following Abrahamczyk et al. [33]. We show the rate of morphological evolution of hummingbird (b) bill length and (c) body mass through evolutionary time assessed with phylogenetically independent contrasts. The regression line and ±95% confidence intervals derived from repeating the analyses across 1000 post burn-in phylogenies are shown with the solid and dashed lines, respectively. The dark grey shadings reflect the estimated time of hummingbird colonization to the Antilles some 5–9 Ma, following Abrahamczyk et al. [33]. Note that high rates of divergence in hummingbird bill length primarily occurred early in the evolutionary history, before the colonization of the Antilles, while the evolution of body mass differences was more constant through time. The main exception to this general trend was a large recent divergence in body mass between the members of the genus Eulampis. The drawing illustrates E. jugularis (credit: Pedro Lorenzo). (Online version in colour.)