Table 1.

Summary of influence of NPs’ 4S parameters on their margination behaviours.

parameter	key observations	key references
size	500 nm and larger diameter spherical NPs exhibit margination behaviour, while 200 nm and smaller ones do not significantly marginate	[16,19,86,97,117,118]
shape	non-spherical NPs with a higher aspect ratio marginate more readily than spherical ones	[19,96,117,119,120]
stiffness	stiff NPs outperform soft ones	[23,55,56,120,121]
surface	studies are too different to draw any meaningful conclusions	[22,106,122]