Table 1. List of known chloroplast RNA protectors, their targets, and domains.
| Protein | Gene ID | Targets/Binding Site(s) | Protein Family/Domains | Organism | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PPRs | |||||
| PPR10 | GRMZM2G177169 | atpH 5′ UTR, psaJ 3′ UTR | PPR | Zea mays | [24,52] |
| HCF152 | AT3G09650 | psbH-petB IGR, petB 5′ UTR, psbH 3′ UTR | PPR | Arabidopsis thaliana | [57,28] |
| CRP1 | GRMZM2G083950 | psaC 5′ UTR, petA 5′ UTR (role in translation) | PPR | Zea mays | [26,60,62] |
| AT5G42310 | petB-petD IGR (shown in Arabidopsis) | Arabidopsis thaliana | |||
| SOT1 | AT5G46580 | rrn23 5′ end | PPR-SMR | Arabidopsis thaliana | [63–65] |
| PPR53 | GRMZM2G438524 | Zea mays | |||
| PGR3 | AT4G31850 | petL, ndhA 5′ UTRs | PPR | Arabidopsis thaliana | [66–69] |
| GRMZM2G372632 | Zea mays | ||||
| PPR5 | GRMZM2G025409 | trnG(UCC) intron | PPR | Zea mays | [61,70] |
| AT4G39620 | Arabidopsis thaliana | ||||
| EMB175 | AT5G03800 | rpl16 5′ UTR | PPR-PLS-DYW | Arabidopsis thaliana | [72,73] |
| PPR103 | GRMZM2G170896 | Zea mays | |||
| SVR7 | AT4G16390 | atpF-atpA IGR, psaJ-rpl33 IGR, atpB/E 5′ UTR | PPR | Arabidopsis thaliana | [75,76] |
| ATP4 | GRMZM2G128665 | Zea mays | |||
| CRR2 | At3g46790 | rps7-ndhB IGR | PPR-PLS-DYW | Arabidopsis thaliana | [77,78] |
| PpPPR_38 | BAF02672.1 | clpP-rps12 IGR | PPR | Physcomitrella patens | [79,80] |
| cpRNPs | |||||
| 28RNP | X57955.1 | psbA, rbcL, petD, rps14 3′ UTRs | cpRNPs, RRM motif | Spinacea oleracea | [85] |
| CP31A | At4G24770 | 3′ ends of psbB, psbD, psaA/B, atpB, ndhB, ndhF | cpRNPs, RRM motif | Arabidopsis thaliana | [88,89] |
| CP29A | AT3G53460 | 3′ ends of psbB, psbD, psaA/B, atpB, ndhB | cpRNPs, RRM motif | Arabidopsis thaliana | [98] |
| CP33A | AT3G52380 | Multiple transcripts | cpRNPs, RRM motif | Arabidopsis thaliana | [90] |
| Additional chloroplast RNA-stabilizing RNA-binding proteins | |||||
| HCF145 | AT5G08720 | psaA 5′ UTR | 2 TMR domains and 2 SRPBCC domains | Arabidopsis thaliana | [91,92] |
| XM_001783694 | Physcomitrella patens | ||||
| PrfB1/HCF109 | AT5G36170 | Transcripts with UGA stop codons | ribosomal release factor, SPF and GGQ motifs | Arabidopsis thaliana | [94,95] |
| PrfB3 | AT3G57190 | petB 3′ UTR | homologous to PrfB1 (HCF109) | Arabidopsis thaliana | [31] |
| HCF107 | AT3G17040 | psbH 5′ UTR | HAT (Half a TPR) | Arabidopsis thaliana | [29,56,97–99] |
| Zm-HCF107 | GRMZM2G121960 | Zea mays | |||
Abbreviation: IGR, intergenic region. Homologs are shown in the same row.