Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of oral anticoagulant users, warfarin users, direct oral anticoagulants users, and controls not taking any antithrombotic drugs (n = 436) n (%)
| Factors | Controls (n = 218) | AC users (n = 218) | P value Control vs AC users | Warfarin users (n = 145) | P value Control vs warfarin users | DOAC users (n = 73) | P value Control vs DOAC users |
| Age ≥ 75 yr | 104 (47.1) | 113 (51.8) | 0.389 | 79 (54.5) | 0.206 | 34 (46.6) | 0.867 |
| Male | 157 (72.0) | 157 (72.0) | 1.000 | 103 (71.0) | 0.839 | 54 (74.0) | 0.746 |
| BMI ≥ 25 | 54 (24.8) | 69 (31.7) | 0.110 | 44 (30.3) | 0.241 | 25 (34.2) | 0.115 |
| Drinker | 119 (54.6) | 131 (62.1) | 0.115 | 77 (55.4) | 0.881 | 54 (75.0) | 0.002 |
| Smoker | 36 (16.5) | 32 (14.8) | 0.626 | 21 (14.6) | 0.622 | 11 (15.3) | 0.805 |
| Laboratory data | |||||||
| Platelet < 10 × 104 μL | 6 (2.8) | 5 (2.3) | 1.000 | 3 (2.1) | 1.000 | 2 (2.7) | 1.000 |
| Ccr < 30 mL/min | 9 (4.1) | 24 (11.0) | 0.007 | 20 (13.8) | 0.001 | 4 (5.48) | 0.743 |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 45 (20.6) | 52 (23.9) | 0.420 | 39 (26.9) | 0.166 | 13 (17.8) | 0.600 |
| Hypertension | 121 (55.5) | 148 (67.9) | 0.008 | 94 (64.8) | 0.077 | 54 (74.0) | 0.005 |
| Dyslipidemia | 74 (33.9) | 102 (46.8) | 0.006 | 67 (46.2) | 0.019 | 35 (48.0) | 0.037 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 49 (22.5) | 37 (17.0) | 0.149 | 32 (22.1) | 0.927 | 5 (6.9) | 0.003 |
| Abnormal liver function | 15 (6.9) | 8 (3.7) | 0.134 | 3 (2.1) | 0.047 | 5 (6.9) | 0.993 |
| Stroke | 10 (4.6) | 47 (21.6) | < 0.001 | 29 (20.0) | < 0.001 | 18 (24.7) | < 0.001 |
| Bleeding past history | 21 (9.6) | 13 (6.0) | 0.153 | 10 (6.9) | 0.361 | 3 (4.1) | 0.217 |
| Chronic heart failure | 1 (0.5) | 56 (25.7) | < 0.001 | 46 (31.7) | < 0.001 | 10 (13.7) | < 0.001 |
| Vascular disease | 6 (2.8) | 56 (25.7) | < 0.001 | 49 (33.8) | < 0.001 | 7 (9.6) | 0.014 |
| Acute coronary syndrome | 6 (2.8) | 34 (15.6) | < 0.001 | 28 (19.3) | < 0.001 | 6 (8.2) | 0.042 |
| Pulmonary embolism | 0 (0.0) | 7 (3.2) | 0.008 | 6 (4.1) | 0.004 | 1 (1.4) | 0.251 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 0 (0.0) | 7 (3.2) | 0.008 | 6 (4.1) | 0.004 | 1 (1.4) | 0.251 |
| Deep vein thrombosis | 0 (0.0) | 14 (6.4) | < 0.001 | 14 (9.7) | < 0.001 | 0 | NA |
| Advanced carcinoma | 7 (3.2) | 33 (15.1) | < 0.001 | 21 (14.5) | < 0.001 | 12 (16.4) | < 0.001 |
| Medications | |||||||
| Antiplatelet | 0 (0.0) | 53 (24.3) | < 0.001 | 43 (30.0) | < 0.001 | 10 (13.7) | < 0.001 |
| Low-dose aspirin | 0 (0.0) | 40 (18.4) | < 0.001 | 33 (22.8) | < 0.001 | 7 (9.6) | < 0.001 |
| Thienopyridine1 | 0 (0.0) | 5 (2.3) | 0.025 | 5 (3.5) | 0.006 | 0 (0.0) | NA |
| Other antiplatelets2 | 0 (0.0) | 11 (5.1) | 0.001 | 8 (5.5) | < 0.001 | 3 (4.1) | 0.003 |
| NSAIDs | 21 (9.6) | 7 (3.2) | 0.006 | 3 (2.1) | 0.004 | 4 (5.5) | 0.341 |
| Endoscopic factors | |||||||
| Number of polyps | 2.0 ± 1.4 | 8.3 ± 5.3 | 0.019 | 2.4 ± 1.8 | 0.063 | 2.5 ± 1.8 | 0.041 |
| Number of polyps ≥ 5 | 13 (6.0) | 28 (12.8) | 0.014 | 17 (11.7) | 0.078 | 11 (15.1) | 0.014 |
| Polyp size | 6.0 ± 3.3 | 6.3 ± 3.4 | < 0.001 | 8.7 ± 5.9 | < 0.001 | 7.4 ± 3.7 | 0.001 |
| Polyp size ≥ 10 mm | 28 (12.8) | 69 (31.7) | < 0.001 | 47 (32.4) | < 0.001 | 22 (30.1) | 0.001 |
| Advanced adenoma3 | 27 (12.4) | 64 (29.4) | < 0.001 | 43 (29.7) | < 0.001 | 21 (28.8) | 0.001 |
1
Thienopyridine includes ticlopidine, clopidogrel, and prasugrel;
2
Other antiplatelets are antiplatelets other than low-dose aspirin and thienopyridine;
3
Advanced adenoma is adenoma ≥ 1 cm with villous components (tubulovillous or villous) or high-grade or severe dysplasia. Values in parentheses are percentages. Values presented with a plus/minus sign are means ± SD. Bold type indicates statistical significance (P < 0.05). AC: Anticoagulant; DOAC: Direct oral anticoagulants; BMI: Body mass index; Ccr: Creatinine clearance; NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.