Table 1.
Demographic and clinical data from 79 patients with CNS infection and enterovirus detection
| Children ≤15 years (n = 51) | Adults > 15 years (n = 28) | P valuec | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Swab (n = 41) | CSF (n = 10) | CSF (n = 28) | |||
| Demographics | Male (%) | 29 (70.7) | 3 (30) | 18 (64.3) | 0.078 |
| Age (year) (median; IQR) | 1 (1–3) | 7 (1.8–10) | 20 (17–29.5) | ND | |
| Discharge diagnosis | Encephalitis (%) | 30 (73.2) | 4 (40) | 1 (3.6) | 0.012 |
| Meningitis (%) | 2 (4.9) | 6 (60) | 26 (92.9) | ||
| Othersb(%) | 9 (22) | 0 | 1 (3.6) | ||
| Clinical symptoms | Fever | 40 (97.6) | 9 (90) | 26 (92.9) | 1.0 |
| Day of illness (med: IQR) | 4 (3–5) | 2 (1.5–3.5) | 2 (1–3) | 0.699 | |
| Duration of hospitalization (med: IQR) | 7 (2.5–12) | 7 (6.5–10.5) | 13 (5–15) | 0.173 | |
| Meningeal signs (%) | 4 (9.8) | 4 (40) | 20 (71.4) | 0.127 | |
| Convulsions (%) | 26 (63.4) | 2 (20) | 0 | 0.064 | |
| Focal neurology (%) | 22 (53.7) | 1 (10) | 0 | 0.263 | |
| Limb weakness (%) | 22 (53.7) | 1 (10) | 0 | 0.263 | |
| GCS < 9 (%) | 25 (61) | 1 (10) | 1 (3.6) | 0.462 | |
| Laboratory tests | Blood white cell count (per mm3) [med: IQR] | 12,300 | 16,800 | 9750 | 0.010 |
| (8150–16,225) | (14875–22,800) | (7100–11,950) | |||
| Blood neutrophil % (med: IQR) | 53.15 (36–69.8) | 80.8 (73–86.4) | 78.35 (73.1–82.6) | 0.713 | |
| Blood glucose (mmol per litter) [med: IQR] | 5.16 (4.0–7.8) | 5.22 (3.8–6.5) | 6.04 (5.17–7.1) | 0.311 | |
| CSF white cell counts per mm3 (med: IQR) | 5 (1–45.5) | 61 (3.5–172) | 90.5 (27.25–197.5) | 0.926 | |
| CSF neutrophil % (med: IQR) | 20 (11–30) | 63 (37.5–67.5) | 46 (27.8–78.8) | 0.596 | |
| CSF glucose (mmol per litter) [med: IQR] | 3.5 (2.8–4.7) | 3.74 (3.4–4.3) | 3.5 (3.16–3.9) | 0.380 | |
| CSF protein (med: IQR) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 0.42 (0.28–0.49) | 0.5 (0.39–0. 7) | 0.362 | |
| Lactate (mmol per litter) [med: IQR] | 2.09 (1.5–3) | 2.35 (1.9–7.5) | 2.45 (2.1–3.1) | 1.00 | |
| Evidence of other pathogensa in CSF (%) | 13 (31.7) | 1 (10) | 3 (10.7) | 1.0 | |
| Co-infectiona | JEV (n) | 9 | 1 | 0 | NA |
| DENV (n) | 4 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus (n) [CMV] | 0 | 0 | 2 | ||
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis (n) [MTB] | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Outcome | Death (%) | 15 (36.6) | 0 | 0 | NA |
ND not determined, NA not applicable
Note: aCo-infection included detection of human IgM (anti JEV and DENV) and viral DNA (CMV) in CSF, or bacterial growth (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in CSF culture
bOther discharge diagnoses included sepsis (n = 5), dengue haemorrhagic fever (n = 1), colitis (n = 1), diarrhea (n = 1) metabolic disease (n = 1), and hepatitis (n = 1)
cStatistical comparison between children and adults with EV detection in CSF