Typical immunohistochemical staining for Col-I, OPN, and OCN within subcutaneously implanted flat SF films and nanoridged SF films with or without MSCs seeded after 4 weeks of implantation. Col-I control, OCN-control, and OPN-control groups were the histochemical staining slides only stained with hematoxylin. Col-I, OCN, and OPN groups were the immunohistochemical staining slides (from the same sectioned slices of Col-I control, OCN-control, and OPN-control, respectively) that were stained with a corresponding primary antibody, horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibody, and hematoxylin. The red arrows indicate the positively expressed bone matrix protein for each image. Immunohistochemical staining of SF film implants shows both MSCs seeded SF films and nanoridged SF films can induce the formation of new bone matrix proteins around the implanted SF films. Scale bar: 100 μm.