Table 1.
Demographic and comorbidities data involving 642,448 heart failure patients of derivation cohort
| Characteristics | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | Total (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 114,747 | 109,612 | 105,889 | 105,578 | 104,328 | 102,294 | 642,448 |
| Age (years) | |||||||
| 0–64 | 28,696 (25.0) | 27,545 (25.1) | 26,072 (24.6) | 26,403 (25.0) | 26,296 (25.2) | 26,237 (25.7) | 161,249 (25.1) |
| 65–84 | 57,941 (50.5) | 54,400 (49.6) | 52,132 (49.2) | 50,711 (48.0) | 49,762 (47.7) | 47,673 (46.6) | 312,619 (48.7) |
| 85+ | 28,091 (24.5) | 27, 652 (25.2) | 27,668 (26.1) | 28,454 (27.0) | 28,260 (27.1) | 28,369 (27.7) | 168,494 (26.2) |
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 56,027 (48.9) | 53,449 (48.8) | 52,224 (49.4) | 52,421 (49.7) | 52,049 (49.9) | 51,384 (50.3) | 317,554 (49.5) |
| Female | 58,559 (51.1) | 56,023 (51.1) | 53,540 (50.6) | 53,042 (50.3) | 52,170 (50.1) | 50,809 (49.7) | 324,152 (50.5) |
| Race | |||||||
| Caucasian | 71,873 (64.7) | 67,304 (63.2) | 64,859 (62.7) | 64,223 (62.1) | 62,589 (61.2) | 60,314 (60.2) | 391,162 (62.4) |
| African American | 16,193 (14.6) | 15,612 (14.7) | 15,269 (14.7) | 15,329 (14.8) | 15,109 (14.8) | 14,673 (14.6) | 92,185 (14.7) |
| Others | 22,996 (20.7) | 23,630 (22.2) | 23,396 (22.6) | 23,808 (23.0) | 24,500 (24.0) | 25,243 (25.2) | 143,573 (22.9) |
| Income quartile | |||||||
| First | 31,968 (28.8) | 30,762 (29.0) | 29,298 (28.5) | 28,797 (28.1) | 28,905 (28.5) | 28,506 (28.7) | 178,236 (28.6) |
| Second | 28,022 (25.2) | 26,707 (25.2) | 26,245 (25.5) | 26,423 (25.8) | 25,568 (25.2) | 25,211 (25.4) | 158,176 (25.4) |
| Third | 27,831 (25.0) | 26,282 (24.8) | 25,480 (24.8) | 25,189 (24.6) | 24,840 (24.5) | 24,748 (24.9) | 154,370 (24.8) |
| Fourth | 23,347 (21.0) | 22,435 (21.1) | 21,847 (21.2) | 21,962 (21.5) | 21,977 (21.7) | 20,864 (21.0) | 132,432 (21.2) |
| Primary payer | |||||||
| Medicare | 84,812 (75.3) | 80,450 (74.9) | 78,162 (75.2) | 77,826 (75.2) | 77,096 (75.5) | 75,532 (75.6) | 473,878 (75.3) |
| Medicaid | 11,427 (10.1) | 10,772 (10.0) | 10,467 (10.1) | 10,681 (10.3) | 10,781 (10.6) | 10,891 (10.9) | 65,019 (10.3) |
| Private insurance | 13,847 (12.3) | 13,447 (12.5) | 12,732 (12.3) | 12,274 (11.8) | 11,466 (11.2) | 10,963 (11.0) | 74,729 (11.9) |
| Self-pay | 2,530 (2.3) | 2,718 (2.6) | 2,527 (2.4) | 2,733 (2.7) | 2,810 (2.7) | 2,466 (2.5) | 15,784 (2.5) |
| Length of stay (days) | |||||||
| ≤2 | 31,326 (27.3) | 30,081 (27.4) | 29,091 (27.5) | 29,621 (28.1) | 29,995 (28.8) | 29,404 (28.7) | 179,518 (27.9) |
| 3 | 18,251 (15.9) | 17,421 (15.9) | 17,166 (16.2) | 17,574 (16.6) | 17,194 (16.5) | 17,296 (16.9) | 104,902 (16.3) |
| 4 | 14,877 (13.0) | 14,544 (13.3) | 13,951 (13.2) | 13,804 (13.1) | 13,712 (13.1) | 13,584 (13.3) | 84,472 (13.2) |
| 5 | 11,193 (9.8) | 10,752 (9.8) | 10,258 (9.7) | 10,328 (9.8) | 10,017 (9.60) | 9,836 (9.6) | 62,384 (9.71) |
| 6 | 8,857 (7.7) | 8,079 (7.4) | 7,787 (7.3) | 7,729 (7.3) | 7,600 (7.3) | 7,305 (7.2) | 47,357 (7.4) |
| ≥7 | 30,243 (26.3) | 28,735 (26.2) | 27,636 (26.1) | 26,522 (25.1) | 25,810 (24.7) | 24,869 (24.3) | 163,815 (25.5) |
| Discharge location | |||||||
| Home | 64,620 (56.3) | 60,421 (55.1) | 57,615 (54.4) | 56,271 (53.3) | 54,153 (51.9) | 52,757 (51.6) | 345,837 (53.8) |
| Short-term hospital | 3,751 (3.3) | 3,320 (3.0) | 3,249 (3.1) | 3,211 (3.0) | 3,123 (3.00) | 3,042 (3.0) | 19.696 (3.1) |
| Rehabilitation center/SNF | 19,334 (16.9) | 18,936 (17.3) | 18,624 (17.6) | 18,514 (17.5) | 18,513 (17.8) | 18,245 (17.8) | 112,166 (17.5) |
| Home health care | 20,645 (18.0) | 20,826 (19.0) | 20,592 (19.5) | 22,038 (20.9) | 23,183 (22.2) | 22,968 (22.5) | 130,252 (20.3) |
| Others | 6,392 (5.5) | 6,105 (5.6) | 5,779 (5.4) | 5,541 (5.3) | 5,351 (5.1) | 5,270 (5.1) | 34,438 (5.4) |
| Mortalities during Admission | 4,491 (3.91) | 4,166 (3.80) | 3,954 (3.73) | 3,821 (3.62) | 3,610 (3.46) | 3,588 (3.51) | 23,630 (3.68) |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| AIDS | 81 (0.07) | 96 (0.09) | 79 (0.07) | 76 (0.07) | 108 (0.10) | 92 (0.09) | 532 (0.08) |
| Alcohol abuse | 3,259 (2.84) | 3,265 (2.98) | 3,168 (2.99) | 3,200 (3.03) | 3,353 (3.21) | 3,338 (3.26) | 19,583 (3.05) |
| Anemia | 29,450 (25.7) | 29,191 (26.6) | 29,771 (28.1) | 30,741 (29.1) | 30,835 (29.6) | 31,612 (30.9) | 181,600 (28.3) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 38,223 (33.3) | 36,962 (33.7) | 35,718 (33.7) | 35,542 (33.7) | 35,489 (34.0) | 34,999 (34.2) | 216,933 (33.8) |
| Coagulopathy | 3,267 (2.85) | 3,448 (3.15) | 3,670 (3.47) | 4,416 (4.18) | 5,227 (5.01) | 5,734 (5.61) | 25,762 (4.01) |
| Depression | 8,310 (7.24) | 8,381 (7.65) | 8,170 (7.72) | 7,969 (7.55) | 8,155 (7.82) | 8,390 (8.20) | 49,375 (7.69) |
| Diabetes | 48,133 (42.0) | 46,471 (42.4) | 44,815 (42.3) | 45,350 (43.0) | 45,135 (43.3) | 45,060 (44.1) | 274,964 (42.8) |
| Drug abuse | 2,797 (2.44) | 2,843 (2.59) | 2,602 (2.46) | 2,720 (2.58) | 2,862 (2.74) | 3,159 (3.09) | 16,973 (2.64) |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorder | 23,623 (20.6) | 23,666 (21.6) | 24,568 (23.2) | 25,845 (24.5) | 26,889 (25.8) | 27,724 (27.1) | 152,315 (23.7) |
| Hypertension | 77,326 (67.4) | 75,894 (69.2) | 75,192 (71.0) | 76,685 (72.6) | 77,413 (74.2) | 77,116 (75.4) | 459,626 (71.5) |
| Hypothyroidism | 15,387 (13.4) | 15,600 (14.2) | 15,586 (14.7) | 15,970 (15.1) | 16,166 (15.5) | 16,700 (16.3) | 95,409 (14.9) |
| Liver disease | 2,632 (2.29) | 2,726 (2.49) | 2,673 (2.52) | 2,988 (2.83) | 3,223 (3.09) | 3,316 (3.24) | 17,558 (2.73) |
| Lymphoma | 971 (0.85) | 981 (0.89) | 980 (0.93) | 1,084 (1.03) | 1,115 (1.07) | 1,091 (1.07) | 6,222 (0.97) |
| Metastatic cancer | 1,232 (1.07) | 1,169 (1.07) | 1,169 (1.10) | 1,221 (1.16) | 1,184 (1.13) | 1,166 (1.14) | 7,141 (1.11) |
| Neurological disorder | 6,363 (5.55) | 6,692 (6.11) | 6,801 (6.42) | 6,867 (6.50) | 6,734 (6.45) | 6,758 (6.61) | 40,215 (6.26) |
| Obesity | 11,698 (10.2) | 11,857 (10.82) | 12,874 (12.2) | 13,842 (13.1) | 14,734 (6.45) | 15,961 (15.6) | 80,966 (12.6) |
| Paralysis | 2,408 (2.10) | 2,289 (2.09) | 2,543 (2.40) | 2,488 (2.36) | 2,427 (2.33) | 2,313 (2.26) | 14,468 (2.25) |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 83 (0.07) | 76 (0.07) | 72 (0.07) | 54 (0.05) | 49 (0.05) | 51 (0.05) | 385 (0.06) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 10,850 (9.46) | 10,720 (9.78) | 10,727 (10.1) | 11,232 (10.6) | 12,116 (11.6) | 12,419 (12.1) | 68,064 (10.6) |
| Psychoses | 2,509 (2.19) | 2,570 (2.34) | 2,871 (2.71) | 2,958 (2.80) | 3,323 (3.19) | 3,480 (3.40) | 17,711 (2.76) |
| Pulmonary circulation disorder | 154 (0.13) | 142 (0.13) | 241 (0.23) | 261 (0.25) | 261 (0.25) | 294 (0.29) | 1,353 (0.21) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 2,518 (2.19) | 2,469 (2.25) | 2,622 (2.48) | 2,614 (2.48) | 2,832 (2.71) | 2,848 (2.78) | 15,903 (2.48) |
| Renal failure | 31,781 (27.7) | 33,887 (30.9) | 35,268 (33.3) | 37,794 (35.8) | 39,783 (38.1) | 40,437 (39.5) | 218,950 (34.1) |
| Solid tumor without metastasis | 2,112 (1.84) | 2,069 (1.89) | 2,038 (1.92) | 2,015 (1.91) | 2,009 (1.93) | 1,988 (1.94) | 12,231 (1.90) |
| Valvular disease | 337 (0.29) | 310 (0.28) | 319 (0.30) | 310 (0.29) | 318 (0.30) | 286 (0.28) | 1,880 (0.29) |
| Weight loss | 2,129 (1.86) | 2,309 (2.11) | 2,952 (2.79) | 3,810 (3.61) | 4,776 (4.58) | 5,083 (4.97) | 21,059 (3.28) |
Notes: Anemia combines chronic blood loss anemia and iron deficiency anemia. Diabetes combines complicated and uncomplicated diabetes. N, number of patients. Data presented as N (%).
Abbreviations: AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; SNF, skilled nursing facility.