Table 3.

Average cost per patient.

Costing input	Cost in 2016 euros
	FR	DE	IT	ES	UK
Drug
Morphine	0.88	1.56	0.63	0.30	1.20
Materials
IV cannula infusion set	0.28	1.51	0.55	1.79	1.46
Draw-up needles	0.25	0.16	0.10	0.07	0.17
Syringe (10 mL)	0.29	0.24	0.03	0.08	0.06
Saline (100 mL) for dilution	3.06	2.32	1.81	1.50	1.91
Prefilled (10 mL) saline syringe	0.80	1.07	0.67	0.27	0.56
Workforce
Cannulation	2.51	2.63	2.61	1.75	1.71
Drug preparation	3.68	3.85	3.82	2.56	2.51
Flushing	0.93	0.98	0.97	0.65	0.64
Drug administration	6.90	7.23	7.17	4.80	4.71
Patient monitoring	6.52	6.83	6.78	4.54	4.45
Management of adverse events
Nausea	1.13	1.42	1.11	0.74	0.79
Vomiting	1.00	1.16	1.01	0.67	0.69
Hypotension	0.10	0.11	0.13	0.08	0.10
Respiratory depression	8.84	8.84	8.84	8.84	8.84
IV complications treatment
Phlebitis	0.07	0.11	0.08	0.09	0.08
Extravasation	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.01
Harmful IV prescribing errors	92.39	92.39	92.39	92.39	92.39
Aggregated costs
Drug administrationa	26.09	28.38	25.14	18.31	19.37
Adverse events and IV complications	103.56	104.04	103.58	102.83	102.91
Total	129.64	132.43	128.72	121.13	122.28

^aDrug administration costs include the costs of drug, material and workforce and exclude any costs due to management of adverse events or IV-related complications.

DE, Germany; ES, Spain; FR, France; IT, Italy; IV, intravenous; UK, United Kingdom.