Table 3.

Sociodemographic, Health, and Health Care Characteristics of Sikh Participants (N = 195)

Characteristic	n (%)*
Gender†
Female	107 (54.9)
Male	88 (45.1)
Age group (in years)†
18–34	24 (12.5)
35–44	47 (24.5)
45–54	59 (30.7)
≥55	62 (32.3)
Place of birth‡
India	188 (96.4)
Pakistan	5 (2.6)
Canada	1 (0.5)
United Arab Emirates	1 (0.5)
Place of residence‡
New Jersey	122 (62.6)
Queens, New York	73 (37.4)
Highest education level completed‡
No formal education	12 (6.2)
Elementary	27 (14.0)
Junior high school	25 (13.0)
High school or general education development (GED)	63 (32.6)
Technical or vocational school	5 (3.0)
Some college or university	20 (10.4)
College or university graduate	24 (12.4)
Graduate level or advanced degree	17 (8.8)
Language(s) spoken at home‡
Punjabi	148 (76.3)
Hindi	2 (1.0)
English	1 (0.5)
English + South Asian language	9 (4.6)
≥2 South Asian languages	11 (5.7)
Other	23 (11.9)
Do you have health insurance?‡
Yes	56 (29.2)
No	136 (70.8)
Do you have dental insurance?‡
Yes	38 (19.8)
No	154 (80.2)
Do you have a regular doctor or health care professional?‡
Yes	127 (65.1)
No	68 (34.9)
Do you have a regular dentist?§
Yes	69 (35.4)
No	126 (64.6)
How long has it been since you last visited a dentist?§
< 1 year	75 (39.9)
1–3 years	68 (36.2)
> 3 years	27 (14.4)
Never visited a dentist	18 (9.6)
During the past 12 months, was there a time when you needed dental care but could not get it?§
Yes	46 (27.1)
No	124 (72.9)
Overall, how would you rate the health of your teeth and gums?§
Excellent	4 (2.1)
Very good	26 (13.3)
Good	84 (43.1)
Fair	53 (27.2)
Poor	28 (14.4)

^*Totals may vary owing to missing values or skip patterns. Percentages may not sum to 100% owing to rounding.

^†Question from the National Health Interview Survey (see reference 26).

^‡Question from the New York City Community Health Survey (see reference 29).

^§Question from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (see reference 27).