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Representative pathway outline for the altered metabolites involved in oxidative stress metabolism in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (a) Fatty acid β-oxidation pathway; (b) purine degradation pathway; (c) Land's cycle/phospholipid metabolism. TCA: tricarboxylic acid; NADH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; FADH2: flavin adenine dinucleotide; IMP: inosine monophosphate; NAPE-PLD: N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D; lysoPA: lysophosphatidic acid.
