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. 2018 Apr 13;8:5945. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-24343-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Bright-field image of a Janus particle under a microscope. The dark side of the particle is the Au coating. (b) Schematics of the ITO four-phase electrode. The distance between the diagonal electrodes is 150 μm and the phase shift between the adjacent electrodes is set at 90 degrees. (c) Schematics of the experimental chamber (not drawn to scale). A thin chamber (15–20 μm) containing a solution and particles is sandwiched by a cover glass (bottom) and an ITO electrode (top). The defocused laser beam (diameter ~15–20 μm), red cone, is fed from the bottom.