FIG 2.

Binding of BNeV VLPs to cell surface carbohydrate. MDBK, CRFK, Caco-2, and HeLa cells were pretreated with 1 mM or 10 mM NaIO₄ to remove the carbohydrate moieties. (A) Cells were incubated with the AF594-labeled BNeV VLPs and P particles of human NoV VA387 strain, FCV F9 strain, and CVB3 Nancy strain at 10 μg/ml and then examined by confocal microscopy. (B) The [³⁵S]methionine/cysteine-labeled BNeV VLPs, control FCV F9 strain, or CVB3 Nancy strain (50,000 cpm) was bound to MDBK, CRFK, or HeLa cells following pretreatment with NaIO₄ or no pretreatment. Binding was quantified by liquid scintillation counting. All experiments were performed three independent times, and panel A shows one representative set of results. The scale bars in panel A correspond to 10 μm. Error bars indicate standard deviations (SD) from triplicate samples. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.005.