Representative traces (A–D) and grouped data (E) showing effects of intravenous (IV) injection of interleukin (IL)-1β (500 ng) on blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR, beats/min), and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), windowed (spikes/s) and integrated (mV), in rats pretreated with subfornical organ (SFO) microinjections of vehicle (Veh), losartan, captopril, and NS-398. Arrows indicate timing of injections. MBP, mean blood pressure; ΔRSNA, change from baseline in integrated RSNA. Values are means ± SE. *P < 0.05 vs. baseline; †P < 0.05 vs. SFO Veh + IV IL-1β.