Table 3.
Groups | ||||
Air (n = 12) | E-cig (n = 11) | 3R4F (n = 13) | P Value (Kruskal-Wallis) | |
Inflammation | ||||
Acute | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.09 ± 0.09 | 0.15 ± 0.10 | 0.805 |
Chronic | 1.33 ± 0.26 | 1.09 ± 0.16 | 1.62 ± 0.27 | 0.462 |
Emphysematous changes (air space enlargement) | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.18 ± 0.12 | 1.00 ± 0.28*§ | 0.019 |
Alveolar macrophages | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 0.132 |
Pigmented macrophages | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 1.69 ± 0.26*§ | 0.0002 |
Smooth muscle hyperplasia (main stem bronchus) | 0.08 ± 0.08 | 0.27 ± 0.14 | 0.62 ± 0.24 | 0.251 |
Fibrosis | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.08 ± 0.08 | 0.931 |
Values are means ± SE. Scoring criteria are as follows: 0 = none, 1 = minimal, 2 = mild, 3 = moderate, and 4 = marked. Boldface indicates statistical significance.
P < 0.05 vs. air and
P < 0.05 vs. E-cig.