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Diagram showing the dynamics of oxygen isotope exchange between atmospheric CO2 (δa) and leaf water (δe) and the resulting δ18O of CO2 (δc). Isotopic equilibrium (θeq) from Equation 4, solid line was calculated from the CA activity and CO2 residence time (kτ), which represents the number of hydrations per CO2 molecule and is related to Δca/Δea.
