. 2018 Apr 13;17:44. doi: 10.1186/s12939-018-0743-y

Table 4.

Determinants of catastrophic health expenditure from 2008 to 2015 using a logistic random effects regression model

Variable	Year/ adjusted OR (95% CI)
Variable	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015
Expenditure quintiles Q1(poorest) Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5(richest)	Referent 0.57 (0.48–0.67)^a 0.46 (0.38–0.57)^a 0.41 (0.31–0.56)^a 0.31 (0.18–0.51)^a	Referent 0.71 (0.59–0.85^a 0.52 (0.39–0.68)^a 0.40 (0.30–0.54)^a 0.32 (0.19–0.54)^a	Referent 0.54 (0.46–0.62)^a 0.42 (0.35–0.51)^a 0.36 (0.28–0.46)^a 0.40 (0.28–0.58)^a	Referent 0.71 (0.56–0.90)^a 0.45 (0.33 0.61)^a 0.32 (0.23–0.46)^a 0.32 (0.22–0.48)^a	Referent 0.77 (0.61–0.96)^a 0.47 (0.36–0.63)^a 0.38 (0.29–0.50)^a 0.32 (0.22–0.47)^a	Referent 0.73 (0.60–0.89)^a 0.50 (0.38–0.65)^a 0.43 (0.33–0.57)^a 0.36 (0.26–0.49)^a	Referent 0.73 (0.59–0.90)^a 0.52 (0.40–0.67)^a 0.31 (0.25–0.39)^a 0.23 (0.17–0.32)^a	Referent 0.72 (0.58–0.87)^a 0.52 (0.39–0.64)^a 0.47 (0.36–0.57)^a 0.49 (0.33–0.63)^a
Household settlement Urban Rural	Referent 1.36 (1.11–1.65)^a	Referent 1.19 (1.03–1.37)^a	Referent 1.06 (0.95–1.18)	Referent 5.63 (3.94–8.05)^a	Referent 1.34 (1.13–1.59)^a	Referent 1.36 (1.19–1.55)^a	Referent 1.32 (1.16–1.50)^a	Referent 1.35 (1.15–1.51)^a
Household head gender Male Female	Referent 1.02 (0.79–1.21)	Referent 1.36 (1.14–1.62)^a	Referent 1.17 (1.01–1.35)^a	Referent 1.02 (0.83–1.26)	Referent 1.12 (0.94–1.33)	Referent 1.07 (0.93–1.23)	Referent 1.03 (0.84–1.27)	Referent 1.01 (0.79–1.20)
Hospitalized person in Household No Yes	Referent 1.72 (1.62–1.83)^a	Referent 3.15 (2.65–3.75)^a	Referent 2.80 (2.28–3.46)^a	Referent 1.71 (1.54–1.90)^a	Referent 1.48 (1.29–1.69)^a	Referent 0.96 (0.73–1.26)	Referent 1.33 (1.24–1.43)^a	Referent 1.75 (1.41–2.03)^a
Household using outpatient care No Yes	Referent 1.69 (1.47–1.85)^a	Referent 3.53 (2.71–4.59)^a	Referent 5.66 (4.62–6.94)^a	Referent 7.27 (4.52–11.68)^a	Referent 10.05 (7.08–14.29)^a	Referent 5.76 (4.50–7.38)^a	Referent 3.04 (2.32–3.98)^a	Referent 5.25 (4.15–6.91)^a
+ 60 member living in Household No Yes	Referent 1.88 (1.56–2.26)^a	Referent 1.68 (1.40–2.02)^a	Referent 1.63 (1.35–1.97)^a	Referent 2.18 (1.76–2.71)^a	Referent 1.83 (1.46–2.29)^a	Referent 1.91 (1.59–2.28)^a	Referent 1.01 (0.89–1.15)	Referent 2.09 (1.72–2.39)^a
Statistics	Wald-chi2: 709.8 Pseudo R2 = 0.16	Wald-chi2: 550.9 Pseudo R2 = 0.17	Wald-chi2: 537.6 Pseudo R2 = 0.17	Wald-chi2: 485.8 Pseudo R2 = 0.07	Wald-chi2: 377.4 Pseudo R2 = 0.12	Wald-chi2: 483.9 Pseudo R2 = 0.09	Wald-chi2: 743.4 Pseudo R2 = 0.11	Wald-chi2: 657.6 Pseudo R2 = 0.13

^aThe odds ratios that became significant after adjustment for cluster (Province) effect