Fig. 2.

Comparison between IRD, atmospheric CH₄, North Atlantic SST, and monsoon precipitation. (A) NGRIP ice core δ¹⁸O record on the annual-layer-counted GICC05 (3). (B) Atmospheric methane concentration from West Antarctic ice sheet divide core in the WD2014 timescale (24). (C) IRD > 150 µm from Iberian Margin (core MD95-2040) (15). (D) Summer SST reconstruction from Iberian Margin based on planktonic foraminiferal census count (core MD95-2040) (18, 35). The time series of MD95-2040 was synchronized with Greenland climate records using the GICC05 timescale. (E) Eastern Asia monsoon record from Hulu Cave (18, 37). (F and G) Paleo monsoon reconstruction from Central-Eastern (CE) and Northeastern (NE) Brazil based on δ¹⁸O isotope profile from speleothems [this study and Stríkis et al. (23)]. Gray bars delimit the timing of main phase of IRD deposition during HS.