Table 4.

Direct and indirect cost of podo and leprosy on affected households^‡

Cost categories	Leprosy (median ± SD)†	Podo (median ± SD)†	P value
Direct medical costs	0.00 ± 8	137 ± 488	< 0.001*
Direct nonmedical costs	0.00 ± 0.13	9 ± 24	< 0.001*
Miscellaneous	0.00 ± 0.34	9 ± 18	< 0.001*
Total direct costs	0.00 ± 8	142 ± 517	< 0.001*
Amount borrowed	0.00 ± 8	34 ± 489	< 0.001*
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
Working days lost	115 ± 62	135 ± 106	< 0.001*
	Median ± SD	Median ± SD
Total indirect costs	26 ± 45	40 ± 124	NS
Annual economic cost (direct and indirect) of podo/leprosy	26 ± 45	203 ± 559	< 0.001*
Fraction of household income consumed yearly (cost burden) (%)	0 ± 4	40 ± 303	< 0.001*

NS = not significant; Podo = podoconiosis; SD = standard deviation; % = percentage.

^*Significant.

^†All costs were measured in United States dollar.

^‡Sample size was 86 (43 podo and 43 leprosy).