Table 2.
Multivariable-adjusted clinical predictors of incident HFmrEF and other HF subtypes
| HfpEF N=811 |
HFmrEF N=200 |
HFrEF N=1048 |
P for equality | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||
| HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | All groups | HFmEF vs HFpEF | HFmEF vs HFrEF | |
| Clinical covariates | |||||||||
| Age (per 10 years) | 2.65 | 2.42, 2.89 | 2.29 | 1.91, 2.76 | 2.28 | 2.09, 2.47 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.93 |
| Men | 1.03 | 0.89, 1.20 | 1.63 | 1.18, 2.24 | 2.25 | 1.95, 2.59 | <0.0001 | 0.005 | 0.046 |
| Race | 0.78 | 0.60, 1.00 | 1.14 | 0.69, 1.89 | 0.93 | 0.73, 1.19 | 0.81 | ||
| Systolic BP (per 20mmHg) | 1.20 | 1.12, 1.28 | 1.25 | 1.07, 1.45 | 1.25 | 1.17, 1.33 | 0.66 | ||
| Hypertension treatment | 1.49 | 1.24, 1.79 | 1.41 | 1.02, 1.95 | 1.49 | 1.29, 1.72 | 0.91 | ||
| Body-mass index (per 4 kg/m2) | 1.30 | 1.23, 1.38 | 1.12 | 0.99, 1.28 | 1.14 | 1.07, 1.21 | 0.003 | 0.03 | 0.86 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.75 | 1.46, 2.11 | 1.81 | 1.22, 2.68 | 2.10 | 1.77, 2.50 | 0.31 | ||
| Smoking status | 1.31 | 1.07, 1.62 | 1.33 | 0.85, 2.09 | 1.68 | 1.41, 1.99 | 0.16 | ||
| Previous myocardial infarction | 1.74 | 1.34, 2.26 | 2.20 | 1.31, 3.71 | 3.36 | 2.78, 4.05 | 0.0001 | 0.39 | 0.10 |
| eGFR (per 30 mL/min/1.73m2) | 1.02 | 0.85, 1.21 | 0.71 | 0.48, 1.04 | 0.84 | 0.71, 0.99 | 0.11 | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Biomarkers | |||||||||
| Natriuretic peptide | 1.56 | 1.41, 1.73 | 1.51 | 1.20, 1.90 | 2.00 | 1.81, 2.20 | 0.0003 | 0.68 | 0.01 |
| Cystatin-C | 1.23 | 1.12, 1.35 | 1.49 | 1.30, 1.70 | 1.33 | 1.24, 1.43 | 0.10 | ||
| High-sensitivity troponin | 1.26 | 1.16, 1.37 | 1.41 | 1.17, 1.70 | 1.52 | 1.43, 1.63 | 0.003 | 0.24 | 0.40 |
| D-dimer | 1.18 | 1.05, 1.34 | 1.21 | 0.91, 1.62 | 1.34 | 1.21, 1.48 | 0.30 | ||
| IL 6 | 1.24 | 1.12, 1.38 | 1.19 | 1.00, 1.42 | 1.25 | 1.13, 1.38 | 0.92 | ||
| Galectin-3 | 1.10 | 1.01, 1.21 | 1.18 | 0.93, 1.48 | 1.14 | 1.05, 1.24 | 0.82 | ||
| Soluble ST2 | 1.13 | 1.01, 1.26 | 1.18 | 0.90, 1.53 | 1.05 | 0.93, 1.19 | 0.58 | ||
| C-reactive protein | 1.12 | 1.02, 1.23 | 1.12 | 0.93, 1.35 | 1.31 | 1.21, 1.42 | 0.02 | 0.95 | 0.10 |
| Fibrinogen | 1.18 | 1.08, 1.30 | 1.11 | 0.91, 1.34 | 1.17 | 1.07, 1.28 | 0.83 | ||
| Urinary albumin to creatinine ratio | 1.42 | 1.28, 1.58 | 1.00 | 0.74, 1.35 | 1.32 | 1.21, 1.48 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.06 |
HR represent hazard ratios of HF subtype associated with the presence vs absence of a dichotomous variable, or per increment in continuous variable as denoted in the table. HR for race is comparison of black vs white race. Multivariable-adjusted models include age, sex, race, systolic blood pressure, hypertension treatment, body-mass index, diabetes mellitus, smoking status, previous myocardial infarction. Biomarker models include all clinical covariates plus individual biomarkers.
P for difference between HFmEF vs HFpEF and HFmEF vs HFrEF listed if P for equality between all groups < 0.10.